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Cited by 37COVID-19 and Mental HealthResilience and Mental HealthStress and Burnout Research

Resilience and Subjectively Experienced Stress Among Paramedics Prior to and During the COVID-19 Pandemic

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Piotrowski, Andrzej, Makarowski, Ryszard, Predoiu, Radu, Predoiu, Alexandra, Boe, Ole·2021·Frontiers in Psychology
DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.664540PMC PMC8319398
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Abstract

Introduction: Paramedics play a vital role in the healthcare system by providing professional support in situations of direct threat to patient health and life. They experience numerous difficulties during their work, which result in occupational stress. During the COVID-19 pandemic, their work has become even more demanding. The aim of the current study was to examine the role of resilience in the subjective experience of stress among paramedics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: The study was carried out in two phases, in October-November 2019 (N = 75) and in May-June 2020 (N = 84), using the Sense of Stress Questionnaire (Skala Poczucia Stresu) and the Resilience Scale (Skala Pomiaru Prężności). Results: Paramedics exhibited higher intrapsychic stress before the COVID-19 pandemic. Tolerance of failure and treating life as a challenge were higher during the pandemic, in contrast to optimism and the ability to mobilize in difficult situations. Paramedics who were in contact with patients with COVID-19 experienced higher stress. Perseverance and determination, openness to new experiences and sense of humor, as well as competences and tolerance of negative emotions were revealed to play a key part in mitigating subjectively experienced stress. Conclusion: Paramedics’ subjectively experienced stress was lower during the COVID-19 pandemic. Paramedics who were in direct contact with patients with COVID-19 experienced higher stress. They had sufficient psychological resources, in the form of resilience (perseverance and determination, openness to new experiences, sense of humor, and competences and tolerance of negative emotions), which allowed them to cope with the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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  • Accumulations of stress factors correlate with increased risk for paramedics' burnout and fatigue and with changing profession.

    “Accumulations of such aforementioned stress factors have shown correlations with an increased risk for paramedics’ burnout and fatigue and even the changing profession [5, 27, 29, 30]”

    From Paramedics’ perceptions of job demands and resources in Finnish emergency medical services: a qualitative study (2022) · cites this paper as [29]

    The Introduction (Stress at Work; page unavailable) says paramedics face multiple stressors that can harm their well-being, and the Discussion of Results links work stress to emotional exhaustion and sleep difficulties. The copy does not establish a correlation between accumulated stressors and burnout or fatigue specifically among paramedics, and it does not address changing profession. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Holmgreen L. Tirone V. Gerhart J. Hobfoll S. (2017). “ Conservation of resources theory. Resource caravans and passageways in health context,” in The Handbook of Stress and Health: A Guide to Research and Practice, eds Cooper C. L. Quick J. C. (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Ltd.), 433– 458.
  2. Makarowski R. Plopa M. (2010). The Sense of Stress Questionnaire (Skala Poczucia Stresu). Newark, NJ: Vizja Press & IT.

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Authors
Piotrowski, A., Makarowski, R., Predoiu, R., Predoiu, A., & Boe, O.
Affiliations
  • University of Gdańsk (PL)
  • Elbląska Uczelnia Humanistyczno-Ekonomiczna (PL)
  • Universitatea Națională de Educație Fizică și Sport București (RO)
  • University of South-Eastern Norway (NO)
Corresponding author
Boe, Ole
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2021-07-15
Volume
12
Pages
664540-664540
ISSN
1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyg.2021.664540
PMC
PMC8319398
OpenAlex
W3183881371
Cited by
37
References
73
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3
FWCI
4.60
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Universitetet i Sørøst-Norge
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
Keywords
resilience, occupational stress, paramedics, COVID-19 pandemic, psychological resources, coping, contact with COVID-19 patients, perseverance, openness to experience, sense of humor, pre-pandemic vs pandemic comparison

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