Coping strategies and personal growth: The case of Palestinian refugees in Shatila camp, Lebanon
Open accessAbstract
This study investigated the relationship between coping strategies used by adolescent refugees in the Palestinian refugees’ Shatila camp in Lebanon and posttraumatic growth. Moreover, the study explored and predicted the impact of coping strategies utilized by adolescent Palestinians in Shatila camp, Lebanon on their personal growth and psychological well-being. Data were collected using two questionnaires and a checklist: (a) LEC-5 checklist as an assessment tool to make sure that all the participants have faced or experienced stressful events, (b) questionnaires including the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ) to find out the style of coping refugees used, and (c) Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) to identify the factors of growth refugees developed as a result of using different coping strategies. Sixty adolescent refugees at one of the centers in the camp (31 females and 29 males) who benefited from counseling services participated in the study. Adolescent refugees’ performance on the checklist and questionnaires revealed the prevalence of stressors among the refugees. The coping strategies mostly utilized were problem-focused coping strategies, as there was a correlation between its factors and some coping strategies, and there were coping strategies used that predict the development of growth among. Finally, as for the counseling and training programs and services, interventions and guidance services seem to better prepare refugees to handle and cope with the stress that they encounter to develop personal growth.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Role of Mindfulness in Positive Reappraisal
Garland, E., Gaylord, S., & Park, J. (2009) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2008.10.001 · Cited by 595 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Research has demonstrated that the ability to find benefit from adversity is associated with improved health outcomes (Garland et al., 2009).”
BackgroundDavey, C., Aiken, A. M., Hayes, R. J., & Hargreaves, J. R. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv128 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Post-traumatic growth among Syrian refugees in Turkey: The role of coping strategies and religiosity
Ersahin, Z. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00763-8 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 30
- Acar B. Acar İ. H. Alhiraki O. A. Fahham O. Erim Y. Acarturk C. (2021). The role of coping strategies in post-traumatic growth among Syrian refugees: a structural equation model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18: 8829. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18168829 34444576 PMC8394351 · DOI · Paper page
- Al-Hroub A. (2014). Perspectives of school dropouts’ dilemma in Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon: an ethnographic study. Int. J. Educ. Dev. 35, 53– 66. doi: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2013.04.004 · DOI
- Al-Hroub A. (2022). Gifted education in Lebanon: re-examining the role of educational and learning capitals. Cogent Educ. 9, 1– 19. doi: 10.1080/2331186X.2022.2073644 · DOI
- Al-Hroub A. Saab C. Vlaardingerbroek B. (2020). Addressing the educational needs of street children in Lebanon: a hotchpotch of policy and practice. J. Refug. Stud. 34, 3184– 3196. doi: 10.1093/jrs/feaa091 doi: 10.1080/09515070.2012.721203 · DOI
- Arslan G. (2017). Psychological maltreatment, coping strategies, and mental health problems: a brief and effective measure of psychological maltreatment in adolescents. Child Abuse Negl. 68, 96– 106. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.03.023 28427000 · DOI
- Astramovich R. L. Hoskins W. J. Gutierrez A. P. Bartlett K. A. (2013). Identifying role diffusion in school Counseling. Prof. Counselor 3, 175– 184. doi: 10.15241/rla.3.3.175 · DOI
- Boals A. Schuler K. L. (2018). Reducing reports of illusory posttraumatic growth: a revised version of the stress-related growth scale (SRGS-R). Psychol. Trauma 10, 190– 198. doi: 10.1037/tra0000267 28368153 · DOI
- Boals A. Schuler K. (2019). Shattered cell phones, but not shattered lives: a comparison of reports of illusory posttraumatic growth on the posttraumatic growth inventory and the stress-related growth scale-revised. Psychol. Trauma 11, 239– 246. doi: 10.1037/tra0000390 30024217 · DOI
- Carroll L. (2013). Active coping. In Gellman M. D. Turner J. R. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Behavioral medicine. New York: Springer 21.
- Chan K. J. Young M. Y. Sharif N. (2016). Well-being after trauma: a review of posttraumatic growth among refugees. Can. Psychol. = Psychol. Can. 57, 291– 299. doi: 10.1037/cap0000065 · DOI
- Compas B. E. Connor-Smith J. K. Saltzman H. Thomsen A. H. Wadsworth M. E. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychological Bulletin 127, 87– 127. doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.127.1.87 11271757 · DOI · Paper page
- Diener E. (2000). Subjective well-being. The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. Am. Psychol. 55, 34– 43. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34 11392863 · DOI · Paper page
- Flett G. L. Druckman T. Hewitt P. L. Wekerle C. (2012). Perfectionism, coping, social support, and depression in maltreated adolescents. J. Ration. Emot. Cogn. Behav. Ther. 30, 118– 131. doi: 10.1007/s10942-011-0132-6 · DOI
- Folkman S. Lazarus R. S. (1985). If it changes it must be a process: study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 48, 150– 170. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.48.1.150 2980281 · DOI · Paper page
- Folkman S. Lazarus R. S. Dunkel-Schetter C. DeLongis A. Gruen R. J. (1986). Dynamics of a stressful encounter: cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 50, 992– 1003. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.50.5.992 3712234 · DOI
- Gray M. J. Litz B. T. Hsu J. L. Lombardo T. W. (2004). Psychometric properties of the life events checklist. Assessment (Odessa, Fla.) 11, 330– 341. doi: 10.1177/1073191104269954 15486169 · DOI
- International Test Commission (ITC) (2016). The international test commission guidelines on the security of tests, examinations, and other assessments: international test commission (ITC). Int. J. Test. 16, 181– 204. doi: 10.1080/15305058.2015.1111221 · DOI
- Khamis V. (2012). Impact of war, religiosity and ideology on PTSD and psychiatric disorders in adolescents from Gaza strip and South Lebanon. Soc. Sci. Med. 74, 2005– 2011. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.025 22483708 · DOI
- Khamis V. (2015). Coping with war trauma and psychological distress among school-age Palestinian children. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 85, 72– 79. doi: 10.1037/ort0000039 25642655 · DOI
- Kraaij V. Garnefski N. de Wilde E. J. Dijkstra A. Gebhardt W. Maes S.. (2003). Negative life events and depressive symptoms in late adolescence: bonding and cognitive coping as vulnerability factors. J. Youth Adolesc. 32, 185– 193. doi: 10.1023/A:1022543419747 · DOI
- Kroo A. Nagy H. (2011). Posttraumatic growth among traumatized Somali refugees in Hungary. J. Loss Trauma 16, 440– 458. doi: 10.1080/15325024.2011.575705 · DOI · Paper page
- Lazarus R. S. Folkman S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
- Rizkalla N. Segal S. P. (2018). Well-being and posttraumatic growth among Syrian refugees in Jordan. J. Trauma. Stress. 31, 213– 222. doi: 10.1002/jts.22281 29604123 · DOI
- Rizkalla N. Zeevi-Barkay M. Segal S. P. (2017). Rape crisis counseling: Trauma contagion and supervision. J. Inter. Viol. 36, NP960– NP983. doi: 10.1177/0886260517736877 29294964 · DOI
- Robitschek C. Ashton M. W. Spering C. C. Geiger N. Byers D. Schotts G. C.. (2012). Development and psychometric evaluation of the personal growth initiative scale-II. J. Couns. Psychol. 59, 274– 287. doi: 10.1037/a0027310 22352950 · DOI
- Runtz M. G. Schallow J. R. (1997). Social support and coping strategies as mediators of adult adjustment following childhood maltreatment. Child Abuse and Neglect 21, 211– 226. doi: 10.1016/S0145-2134(96)00147-0 9056101 · DOI
- Sleijpen M. Haagen J. Mooren T. Kleber R. J. (2016). Growing from experience: an exploratory study of posttraumatic growth in adolescent refugees. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. 7: 28698. doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v7.28698 26886487 PMC4756627 · DOI
- Steflova K. (2017). Case study: Shatila camp 35 years on from the sabra and Shatila massacre: what are the current conditions of Palestinian refugees? J. Palestinian Refugee Stud. 7, 49– 61. doi: 10.12816/0044175 · DOI
- Tremblay C. Hébert M. Piché C. (1999). Coping strategies and social support as mediators of consequences in child sexual abuse victims. Child Abuse Negl. 23, 929– 945. 10505906
- Weigold I. K. Porfeli E. J. Weigold A. (2013). Examining tenets of personal growth initiative using the personal growth initiative scale-II. Psychol. Assess. 25, 1396– 1403. doi: 10.1037/a0034104 23937535 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pop, V., Williamson, C., Khan, R., Leightley, D., Fear, N. T., & Dyball, D. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2500885 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Problem focused coping was investigated in fi ve studies, all fi nding positive associations with PTG (Acar et al., 2021; Ai et al., 2007; Al Beainy & Hassan, 2023; Ersahin, 2022; Stasielowicz, 2022).”
Influential
- Authors
- Al Beainy, S., & El Hassan, K.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-03-09
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 1083998-1083998
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10034374
- OpenAlex
- W4323666867
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 2.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- coping strategies, posttraumatic growth, Palestinian refugees, refugee adolescents, psychological well-being, problem-focused coping, counseling services, refugee camps
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review