Emotional distress among suicide survivors: the moderating role of self-forgiveness.
Open accessAbstract
Grief after suicide entails unique challenges and difficulties, such as intense feelings of anger and guilt, as well as various psychological risks. The current study examined the contribution of self-forgiveness (SF) to emotional distress (e.g., depressed mood and suicidal ideation) among suicide-loss survivors, compared with bereavement following sudden and expected death types. Bereaved individuals (N = 309; aged 18-84) completed questionnaires measuring SF, depressed mood, suicidal ideation, demographics, and personal characteristics concerning the bereavement. A significant interaction between SF and type of loss was found, in which suicide-loss survivors with low levels of SF manifested the highest levels of depression and suicidal ideation compared with other subgroups. The findings reflect the importance of SF as a protective factor against depression and suicidality among suicide-loss survivors as well as the possible efficacy of forgiveness-based interventions in this population.
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These factors contribute to depression, anxiety, PTSD, and substance use, thereby leading to early death.
“and contribute to depression, anxiety, PTSD, and substance use,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,18 thereby leading to early death.”
From Mortality Risk Following a Household Suicide (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
The Introduction links suicide bereavement with increased vulnerability to depression and PTSD, and the Discussion reports higher depression and suicidal ideation among suicide-loss survivors. The cited paper does not establish the claimed links to anxiety or substance use, or that these outcomes lead to early death. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSuicide is a major global public health issue with profound impacts that extend beyond the deceased to surviving family members.
“Suicide is a major global public health issue with profound impacts that extend beyond the deceased to surviving family members.1,2,3,4”
From Mortality Risk Following a Household Suicide (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Levi-Belz, Y., & Gilo, T.
- Affiliations
- Ruppin Academic Center (IL)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-04-23
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 341-341
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7190787
- OpenAlex
- W3020278920
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 2.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (PRG - 2 - 083 - 14)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Keywords
- suicide survivors, self-forgiveness, grief after suicide, bereavement, sudden death, expected death, depression, suicidal ideation, emotional distress, protective factors
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