Grief After Suicide: Understanding the Consequences and Caring for the Survivors
Abstract
Cain, Foreword. Jordan, McIntosh, Introduction. Part I: The Impact of Suicide. Jordan, McIntosh, Suicide Bereavement: Why Study Survivors of Loss? Jordan, McIntosh, Is Suicide Bereavement Different? A Framework for Rethinking the Question. McIntosh, Jordan, The Impact of Suicide on Adults. Cerel, Aldrich, The Impact of Suicide on Children and Adolescents. Gutin, McGann, Jordan, The Impact of Suicide on Professional Caregivers. Part II: Helping Survivors. Jordan, Feigelman, McMenamy, Mitchell, Research on the Needs of Survivors. McGann, Gutin, Jordan, Guidelines for Postvention Care After the Suicide of a Client. Berkowitz, McCauley, Schuurman, Jordan, Organizational Postvention After Suicide Death. Jordan, Principles of Grief-counseling with Adult Survivors. Webb, Grief Counseling with Child and Adolescent Survivors of Parental Suicidal Deaths. Sands, Jordan, Neimeyer, The Meanings of Suicide: A Narrative Approach to Healing. Jordan, Group Work with Suicide Survivors. Kaslow, Samples, Rhodes, Gantt, A Family Oriented and Culturally Sensitive Postvention Approach with Suicide Survivors. Part III: Promising Programs of Support for Survivors. US Programs. Campbell, Baton Rouge Crisis Intervention Center's LOSS Team Active Postvention (APM) Approach. Marshall, Bolton, The Link Counseling Center and the Link's National Resource Center for Suicide Prevention and Aftercare. Hurtig, Bullitt, Kates, Samaritans Grief Support Services. Archibald, Heartbeat Survivors After Suicide, Inc. Koenig, Friends for Survival. Morris, Farberow, Hirsch, Community Mental Health Center's Survivors After Suicide Programs (SAS). Schwartz, The Retrospective Profile and the Facilitated Family Retreat. Beal, Parents of Suicides: E-mail Support Group. Rubey, Loving Outreach to Survivors of Suicide Program (LOSS): A Postvention Service for Survivors of Suicide. Mitchell, Wesner, A Bereavement Crisis Debriefing Intervention for Survivors After a Suicide. Harrington-Lamorie, Ruocco, The Tragedy Assistance Program for Survivors (TAPS). Linn-Gust, American Association of Suicidology and Survivors of Suicide Loss. Harpel, American Foundation for Suicide Prevention's Survivor Initiatives. International Programs. Chow, Yip, Grief After Suicide: A Hong Kong Chinese Perspective. Bycroft, Fisher, Beaton, International Perspectives on Suicide Bereavement: The Australian Example. Dyregrov, International Perspectives on Suicide Bereavement: Suicide Survivors and Postvention in Norway. Grad, International Perspectives on Suicide Bereavement: Slovenia. Agee, A New Zealand Perspective on Suicide Bereavement. Andriessen, Survivors After Suicide: A Comprehensive Suicide Survivor Program in Flanders, Belgium. Part IV: Conclusions. McIntosh, Jordan, Going Forward: A Research Agenda for Suicide Survivor Studies. Jordan, McIntosh, Bolton, Campbell, Harpel, Linn-Gust, A Call to Action: Building Clinical and Programmatic Support for Suicide Survivors.
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People bereaved by suicide may experience more shock or trauma related to the unexpected or violent nature of the death compared to other forms of bereavement.
“Nonetheless, people bereaved by suicide may experience more shock or trauma related to the unexpected or violent nature of the death compared to other forms of bereavement [7].”
This may be related to relatively short intervention follow-up periods, statistical rarity of non-fatal and fatal suicidal behavior among the bereaved by suicide, and relatively small sample sizes.
“This may be related to relatively short intervention follow-up periods, statistical rarity of non-fatal and fatal suicidal behavior among the bereaved by suicide [16], and relatively small sample sizes [7, 8].”
In order to avoid stigmatization, suicide survivors might engage in maladaptive behaviors, such as concealment of the cause of death.
“In order to avoid stigmatization, suicide survivors might also engage in maladaptive behaviors, such as concealment of the cause of death [7].”
From The Stigma of Suicide Survivorship and Related Consequences—A Systematic Review (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Social stigma attached to suicide survivors may greatly complicate the grieving process after suicide.
“Another factor that characterizes suicide bereavement and that may greatly complicate the grieving process after suicide is the social stigma attached to suicide survivors [7,10–13].”
From The Stigma of Suicide Survivorship and Related Consequences—A Systematic Review (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Stigma may contribute to heightened suicide risk in survivors of suicidal deaths.
“Moreover, stigma may contribute to heightened suicide risk in survivors of suicidal deaths [5,7].”
From The Stigma of Suicide Survivorship and Related Consequences—A Systematic Review (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Suicide survivors have been shown to frequently suffer from negative feelings like shame, guilt, anger and blame.
“Suicide survivors have been shown to frequently suffer from negative feelings like shame, guilt, anger and blame [7,8].”
From The Stigma of Suicide Survivorship and Related Consequences—A Systematic Review (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
These results are converging with a line of research proposing that suicide bereavement and bereavement by other types of traumatic losses produce similar reactions.
“These results are converging with a line of research proposing that suicide bereavement and bereavement by other types of traumatic losses produce similar reactions [7,8].”
From The Stigma of Suicide Survivorship and Related Consequences—A Systematic Review (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
There is a lack of consensus in the literature regarding the definition of a 'suicide survivor'.
“There is a lack of consensus in the literature regarding the definition of a “suicide survivor”; however, the proposed definitions share several commonalities.”
From Essential Questions on Suicide Bereavement and Postvention (2011) · cites this paper as [3]
Research studies often find more similarities than differences among different groups of the bereaved in major themes, trajectory and duration of bereavement.
“The latter often find more similarities than differences among different groups of the bereaved in regards to major themes, the trajectory and duration of bereavement, e.g., [11,13,14].”
From Essential Questions on Suicide Bereavement and Postvention (2011) · cites this paper as [14]
There is a growing consensus on an international policy and research agenda to ensure further progress in postvention, including formulation of operational and consensus definitions, further studies on the number affected, methodologically sound studies on subgroups, and effectiveness studies.
“There is also a growing consensus in regards to the international policy and research agenda to ensure further progress in the field of postvention in the upcoming decades [2,42].”
From Essential Questions on Suicide Bereavement and Postvention (2011) · cites this paper as [42]
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“Jordan and McIntosh (2011) reported that the “trauma of losing a loved one to suicide [w]as ‘catastrophic’—on a par with that of a concentration camp experience” (Jackson, 2003).”
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GRUPO DE APOIO PARA SOBREVIVENTES DO SUICÍDIO
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“Exposure to suicide carries with it a number of adverse consequences (e.g., complicated grief, distress, depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorders) with the increased likelihood for one’s own suicide, being, perhaps, the most disturbing (Jordan & McIntosh, 2011a).”
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“More recently, instead of comparing the mode of death, it has been suggested that studies should focus on divergence within bereavement from suicide (Jordan & McIntosh, 2011) to develop and provide appropriate care.”
BackgroundThe Impact of Suicide on Co-patients
Seeman, M. V. (2015) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-015-9346-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Meaning Reconstruction Process After Suicide
川島, 大., & Kawano, K. (2016) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222816652805 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Searching for explanations and a desire to understand why the suicide occurred are common features among suicide survivors (Jordan & McIntosh, 2011).”
BackgroundExploring men's perceptions of a community-based men's shed programme in England
McGeechan, G., Richardson, C., Wilson, L., O’Neill, G., & Newbury‐Birch, D. (2016) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdw116 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Guilt and Bereavement: Effect of the Cause of Death, and Measuring Instruments
Camacho, D., Nieto, M. Á. P., & León, F. G. (2017) · Illness Crisis & Loss · doi:10.1177/1054137316686688 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“This difference may be due to the research method (qualitative or quantitative) and the groups involved (Jordan & McIntosh, 2011).”
MethodGrupo de Apoio aos Enlutados pelo Suicídio: uma experiência de posvenção e suporte social
Scavacini, K., Cornejo, E. R., & Cescon, L. F. (2019) · Revista M Estudos sobre a morte os mortos e o morrer · doi:10.9789/2525-3050.2019.v4i7.201-214 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
In the wake of suicide: Developing guidelines for suicide postvention in fire service
Gulliver, S. B., Pennington, M. L., Leto, F., Cammarata, C. M., Ostiguy, W. J., Zavodny, C., Flynn, E. J., & Kimbrel, N. A. (2015) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2015.1077357 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Identifying the Social Demographic Correlates of Suicide Bereavement
Feigelman, W. T., McIntosh, J. L., Cerel, J., Brent, D. A., & Gutin, N. J. (2018) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2018.1456384 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Most importantly, past research on suicide bereaved has relied heavily upon convenience samples of former patients and support group affiliates, inhibiting generalizing on the characteristics of survivors (Jordan & McIntosh, 2011).”
BackgroundSuicide bereavement and the media: A qualitative study
Skehan, J., Maple, M. J., Fisher, J., & Sharrock, G. (2013) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.5172/jamh.2013.11.3.223 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ali, F., & Lucock, M. (2020) · Bereavement Care · doi:10.1080/02682621.2020.1771951 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Depression and Suicide Ideation among Suicide-Loss Survivors: A Six-Year Longitudinal Study
Levi‐Belz, Y., & Birnbaum, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192416561 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ramchand, R., Ayer, L. A., Fisher, G., Osilla, K. C., Barnes‐Proby, D., & Wertheimer, S. R. (2015) · Rand health quarterly · doi:10.7249/rhq-05-02-20 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Recommendations for research on suicide loss: A commentary
Neimeyer, R. A., Cerel, J., & Maple, M. J. (2017) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2017.1335555 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…other forms of bereavement, consider qualitative differences (e.g., characterized by emotional themes such as shock, guilt, and anger as well as broader social impacts) that go beyond quantitative differences between groups (e.g., in overall levels of grief or depression) (Jordan & McIntosh, 2011).”
BackgroundSuicide Bereavement Online: Sharing Memories, Seeking Support, and Exchanging Hope
Krysinska, K. E., & Andriessen, K. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137351692_11 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kennedy, A. J., Maple, M. J., McKay, K., & Brumby, S. A. (2019) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222819854920 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“In doing so, these participants were not beset by persistent ruminating about “why?” the death occurred, as is often highlighted in sudden and traumatic death literature—including suicide and accidental death (Jordan & McIntosh, 2011).”
BackgroundBower, K. L., & Emerson, K. G. (2021) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2021.1893885 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Surviving the Legacy of Suicide
Grad, O. T., & Andriessen, K. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118903223.ch37 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Grief Reactions of Potential Organ Donors’ Bereaved Relatives: An Observational Study
Soria‐Oliver, M., Aramayona, B., López, J. S., Martín, M. J., Martínez, J. M., Saenz, R. L., & García‐Sánchez, R. (2020) · American Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.4037/ajcc2020960 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Peer-support groups for suicide loss survivors: a systematic review
Inostroza, C., Rubio-Ramírez, F., Bustos, C., Quijada, Y., Fernández, D., Vasily Buhring, S., Vargas, B., Riquelme-Bórquez, A., & Araya, M. P. (2023) · Social Work With Groups · doi:10.1080/01609513.2023.2249053 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The impact of relationship type and closeness on mental health following suicide loss
Brown, H. L., Selbe, S. M., Flesaker, M., Rosellini, A. J., Maple, M. J., Gradus, J. L., & Cerel, J. (2024) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.13063 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
El‐Den, S., Choong, H.-J., Moles, R. J., Murphy, A. L., Gardner, D. M., Rosen, A., & O’Reilly, C. L. (2022) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-022-01398-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Agee, M.
- Corresponding author
- Margaret Agee
- ORCID
- Margaret Agee
- Venue
- Routledge eBooks
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2011-01-19
- OpenAlex
- W19972694
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 12.16
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Keywords
- suicide bereavement, grief counseling, suicide survivors, postvention, suicide prevention, parents of suicide victims
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