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Global prevalence and characteristics of non-suicidal self-injury between 2010 and 2021 among a non-clinical sample of adolescents: A meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background: Adolescents with immature mind and unstable emotional control are high-risk groups of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behavior. We meta-analyzed the global prevalence of NSSI and prevalence of NSSI characteristics in a non-clinical sample of adolescents between 2010 and 2021. Methods: A systematic search for relevant articles published from January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2021 was performed within the scholarly database search engines of CBM, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Embase. Eligibility criteria were as follows: provided cross-sectional data on the prevalence of NSSI; the subjects were non-clinical sample adolescents; and a clear definition of NSSI was reported. We used the following definiton of NSSI as our standard: the deliberate, self-inflicted destruction of body tissue, such as cutting, burning, and biting, without attempted suicide. The quality evaluation tool for cross-sectional studies recommended by the JBI was used. The global prevalence of NSSI was calculated based on the random-effects model by Comprehensive Meta-analysis version 3.0. Subgroup analyses were performed to compare the prevalence according to sex, living place, smoking or drinking history, and family structure. Results: Sixty-two studies involving 264,638 adolescents were included. The aggregate prevalence of NSSI among a non-clinical sample of adolescents was similar between over a lifetime (22.0%, 95% CI 17.9–26.6) and during a 12-month period (23.2%, 95% CI 20.2–26.5). Repetitive NSSI was more common than episodic NSSI (20.3% vs. 8.3%) but the frequency of mild injury (12.6%) was similar to that of moderate injury (11.6%). Multiple-method NSSI occurred slightly more often compared than one-method NSSI (16.0% vs. 11.1%). The top three types of NSSI in adolescents were banging/hitting (12.0%, 95% CI 8.9–15.9), pinching (10.0%, 95% CI 6.7–14.8), and pulling hair (9.8%, 95% CI 8.3–11.5), and the least common type was swallowing drugs/toxic substances/chemicals (1.0%, 95% CI 0.5–2.2). Subgroup analyses showed that being female, smoking, drinking, having siblings, and belonging to a single-parent family may be linked to higher prevalence of NSSI. Conclusion: This meta-analysis found a high prevalence of NSSI in non-clinical sample of adolescents, but there are some changes in severity, methods, and reasons. Based on the current evidence, adolescents in modern society are more inclined to implement NSSI behavior by a variety of ways, which usually are repetitive, and moderate and severe injuries are gradually increasing. It is also worth noting that adolescents with siblings or in single-parent families are relatively more likely to implement NSSI behavior due to maladjustment to the new family model. Future research needs to continue to elucidate the features and risk factors of NSSI so as to intervene in a targeted way. Limitation: The limitation of this study is that the heterogeneity among the included studies is not low, and it is mainly related to Chinese and English studies. The results of this study should be used with caution. Systematic review registration: [ www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ ], identifier [CRD42022283217].
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“Self-harm (without suicide intent) in adolescence is also a widespread issue, with the prevalence rate of repetitive self-harm being around 20% (Xiao et al., 2022).”
From Risk and Protective Factors of Self-harm and Suicidality in Adolescents: An Umbrella Review with Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Xiao et al., 2022
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“They found a higher prevalence of self-harm in adolescents with a smoking history (24.7%) versus non-smoking adolescents (10.1%), as well as a higher prevalence of self-harm in adolescents with a history of alcohol consumption (24.4%) versus non-drink adolescents (9.3%) (Table 3).”
From Risk and Protective Factors of Self-harm and Suicidality in Adolescents: An Umbrella Review with Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Xiao et al. (2022)
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“The most reported risk factor for self-harm was gender; Gillies et al. (2018), Xiao et al. (2022), and Wang et al. (2022), all identified that the risk of self-harm was more prevalent in female youth compared to male youth.”
From Risk and Protective Factors of Self-harm and Suicidality in Adolescents: An Umbrella Review with Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Xiao et al. (2022)
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“In a review of 43 studies with 107,285 male and 102,473 female participants, Xiao et al. (2022) found a 25.4% NSSI prevalence for female adolescents compared to a 22% prevalence for males.”
From Risk and Protective Factors of Self-harm and Suicidality in Adolescents: An Umbrella Review with Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Xiao et al. (2022)
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“They found a higher prevalence of self-harm in adolescents with a smoking history (24.7%) versus non-smoking adolescents (10.1%), as well as a higher prevalence of self-harm in adolescents with a history of alcohol consumption (24.4%) versus non-drink adolescents (9.3%) (Table 3).”
From Risk and Protective Factors of Self-harm and Suicidality in Adolescents: An Umbrella Review with Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Xiao et al. (2022)
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“They reported that self-harm was more prevalent in adolescents from families with multiple children (27%) than families with one child (25.8%), and self-harm was higher in adolescents from single-parent families (30%) than those from two-parent families.”
From Risk and Protective Factors of Self-harm and Suicidality in Adolescents: An Umbrella Review with Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Xiao et al. (2022)
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“They reported that self-harm was more prevalent in adolescents from families with multiple children (27%) than families with one child (25.8%), and self-harm was higher in adolescents from single-parent families (30%) than those from two-parent families.”
From Risk and Protective Factors of Self-harm and Suicidality in Adolescents: An Umbrella Review with Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Xiao et al. (2022)
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Richardson, R., Connell, T., Foster, M., Blamires, J., Keshoor, S., Moir, C., & Zeng, I. S. (2024) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-024-01969-w · Cited by 105
“The most reported risk factor for self-harm was gender; Gillies et al. (2018), Xiao et al. (2022), and Wang et al. (2022), all identi fi ed that the risk of self-harm was more prevalent in female youth compared to male youth.”
BackgroundInfluentialCalvo, N., Lugo-Marín, J., Oriol, M., Pérez-Galbarro, C., Restoy, D., Ramos-Quiroga, J.-A., & Ferrer, M. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107048 · Cited by 72
Misiak, B., Szewczuk-Bogusławska, M., Samochowiec, J., Moustafa, A. A., & Gawęda, Ł. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.044 · Cited by 40
Xiao, Q., Song, X., Huang, L., Hou, D., & Huang, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1140597 · Cited by 38
Self-citationWu, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, C., & Huang, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1434958 · Cited by 32
Metadata
- Authors
- Xiao, Q., Song, X., Huang, L., Hou, D., & Huang, X.
- Affiliations
- Sichuan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Huang, Xuehua
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2022-08-10
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 912441-912441
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9399519
- OpenAlex
- W4290989029
- Cited by
- 316
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 90 · 2025: 130 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 9.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province (2021YFS0151)
- Health Commission of Sichuan Province
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- non-suicidal self-injury, adolescents, prevalence, non-clinical sample, injury severity, sex differences, family structure, living place, emotion regulation, impulsivity
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