Worldwide Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence in Pregnancy. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects outcomes of mothers and their offspring. This systematic review collated the worldwide literature on the prevalence rates of different types of IPV in pregnancy. Methods: Two reviewers independently identified cross sectional and cohort studies of IPV prevalence in pregnancy in online databases (PubMed, WOS and Scopus), selected and extracted data [participants' country, study quality, measurement tool (validation and purpose) and rates of IPV in pregnancy]. We considered a high quality study if it had a prospective design, an adequate sampling method, a sample size estimation, a response rate > 90%, a contemporary ascertainment of IPV in the index pregnancy, and a well-developed detailed IPV tool. We performed random effects meta-analysis and explored reasons for heterogeneity of rates. Results: One hundred fifty-five studies were included, of which 44 (28%) met two-thirds of the quality criteria. Worldwide prevalence of physical (126 studies, 220,462 participants), psychological (113 studies, 189,630 participants) and sexual (98 studies, 155,324 participants) IPV in pregnancy was 9.2% (95% CI 7.7–11.1%, I 2 95.9%), 18.7% (15.1–22.9%, I 2 98.2%), 5.5% (4.0–7.5%, I 2 93.4%), respectively. Where several types of IPV were reported combined, the prevalence of any kind of IPV (118 studies, 124,838 participants) was 25.0% (20.3, 30.5%, I 2 98.6%). IPV rates varied within and between continents, being the highest in Africa and the lowest in Europe ( p < 0.001). Rates also varied according to measurement purpose, being higher for diagnosis than for screening, in physical ( p = 0.022) and sexual ( p = 0.014) IPV. Conclusions: IPV prevalence in pregnancy varies across countries, with one-quarter of mothers exposed on average globally. Routine systematic antenatal detection should be applied worldwide. Systematic Review Registration: identifier: CRD42020176131.
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Román-Gálvez et al.'s lower estimates might be explained by measuring physical IPV during pregnancy but reporting it as lifetime.
“Their lower estimates for this type of IPV might be explained by the fact that the authors measured physical IPV during pregnancy but reported it as lifetime (Román-Gálvez et al., 2021).”
From Global Prevalence and Mental Health Outcomes of Intimate Partner Violence Among Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Román-Gálvez et al., 2021
The Results (page not available in our copy) explicitly report the 9.2% physical-IPV estimate as prevalence during pregnancy, not lifetime prevalence. The paper does not offer the proposed reporting mismatch as an explanation for a lower estimate. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrevalence rates of physical IPV in pregnancy ranged from 0.7% to 55.1% across 126 studies.
“The prevalence rates of physical IPV in pregnancy ranged from 0.7% to 55.1% across 126 studies.”
From Global Prevalence and Mental Health Outcomes of Intimate Partner Violence Among Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Román-Gálvez et al., 2021
Román-Gálvez et al. (2021) recorded a 9.2% pooled estimate for physical IPV in pregnancy.
“For example, the study by Román-Gálvez et al. (2021) reporting global prevalence rates of IPV in pregnancy, recorded a 9.2% pooled estimate for physical IPV.”
From Global Prevalence and Mental Health Outcomes of Intimate Partner Violence Among Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Román-Gálvez et al., 2021
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- Authors
- Román-Gálvez, R. M., Martín-Peláez, S., Fernández-Félix, B. M., Zamora, J., Khan, K. S., & Bueno-Cavanillas, A.
- Affiliations
- Andalusian Health Service (ES)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- Universidad de Granada (ES)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Public Health
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-08-30
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 738459-738459
- ISSN
- 2296-2565 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8435609
- OpenAlex
- W3198050589
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 13
- FWCI
- 2.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- RISalud Institutional Health Repository of Andalucía (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Universidad de Granada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Demography › Elder Abuse and Neglect
- Keywords
- intimate partner violence, pregnancy, prevalence, physical violence, psychological violence, sexual violence, IPV screening, antenatal detection, maternal health, global variation
- MeSH terms
- Intimate Partner Violence, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Mothers, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Prevalence
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