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Worldwide Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence in Pregnancy. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects outcomes of mothers and their offspring. This systematic review collated the worldwide literature on the prevalence rates of different types of IPV in pregnancy. Methods: Two reviewers independently identified cross sectional and cohort studies of IPV prevalence in pregnancy in online databases (PubMed, WOS and Scopus), selected and extracted data [participants' country, study quality, measurement tool (validation and purpose) and rates of IPV in pregnancy]. We considered a high quality study if it had a prospective design, an adequate sampling method, a sample size estimation, a response rate > 90%, a contemporary ascertainment of IPV in the index pregnancy, and a well-developed detailed IPV tool. We performed random effects meta-analysis and explored reasons for heterogeneity of rates. Results: One hundred fifty-five studies were included, of which 44 (28%) met two-thirds of the quality criteria. Worldwide prevalence of physical (126 studies, 220,462 participants), psychological (113 studies, 189,630 participants) and sexual (98 studies, 155,324 participants) IPV in pregnancy was 9.2% (95% CI 7.7–11.1%, I 2 95.9%), 18.7% (15.1–22.9%, I 2 98.2%), 5.5% (4.0–7.5%, I 2 93.4%), respectively. Where several types of IPV were reported combined, the prevalence of any kind of IPV (118 studies, 124,838 participants) was 25.0% (20.3, 30.5%, I 2 98.6%). IPV rates varied within and between continents, being the highest in Africa and the lowest in Europe ( p < 0.001). Rates also varied according to measurement purpose, being higher for diagnosis than for screening, in physical ( p = 0.022) and sexual ( p = 0.014) IPV. Conclusions: IPV prevalence in pregnancy varies across countries, with one-quarter of mothers exposed on average globally. Routine systematic antenatal detection should be applied worldwide. Systematic Review Registration: identifier: CRD42020176131.
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“Their lower estimates for this type of IPV might be explained by the fact that the authors measured physical IPV during pregnancy but reported it as lifetime (Román-Gálvez et al., 2021).”
From Global Prevalence and Mental Health Outcomes of Intimate Partner Violence Among Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Román-Gálvez et al., 2021
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“The prevalence rates of physical IPV in pregnancy ranged from 0.7% to 55.1% across 126 studies.”
From Global Prevalence and Mental Health Outcomes of Intimate Partner Violence Among Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Román-Gálvez et al., 2021
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“For example, the study by Román-Gálvez et al. (2021) reporting global prevalence rates of IPV in pregnancy, recorded a 9.2% pooled estimate for physical IPV.”
From Global Prevalence and Mental Health Outcomes of Intimate Partner Violence Among Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Román-Gálvez et al., 2021
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Metadata
- Authors
- Román-Gálvez, R. M., Martín-Peláez, S., Fernández-Félix, B. M., Zamora, J., Khan, K. S., & Bueno-Cavanillas, A.
- Affiliations
- Andalusian Health Service (ES)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- Universidad de Granada (ES)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Public Health
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-08-30
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 738459-738459
- ISSN
- 2296-2565 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8435609
- OpenAlex
- W3198050589
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 13
- FWCI
- 2.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- RISalud Institutional Health Repository of Andalucía (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Universidad de Granada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Elder Abuse and Neglect
- Keywords
- intimate partner violence, pregnancy, prevalence, physical violence, psychological violence, sexual violence, IPV screening, antenatal detection, maternal health, global variation
- MeSH terms
- Intimate Partner Violence, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Mothers, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Prevalence
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