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Cited by 507Plant-Microbe Interactions and ImmunityAgriculture, Plant Science, Crop ManagementLegume Nitrogen Fixing Symbiosis

Rhizosphere Engineering With Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms for Agriculture and Ecological Sustainability

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Hakim, Sughra, Naqqash, Tahir, Nawaz, Muhammad Shoib, Laraib, Iqra, Siddique, Muhammad Jawad, Zia, Rabisa, Mirza, Muhammad Sajjad, Imran, Asma·2021·Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
DOI 10.3389/fsufs.2021.617157
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Abstract

The rhizosphere is undoubtedly the most complex microhabitat, comprised of an integrated network of plant roots, soil, and a diverse consortium of bacteria, fungi, eukaryotes, and archaea. The rhizosphere conditions have a direct impact on crop growth and yield. Nutrient-rich rhizosphere environments stimulate plant growth and yield and vice versa. Extensive cultivation exhaust most of the soils which need to be nurtured before or during the next crop. Chemical fertilizers are the major source of crop nutrients but their uncontrolled and widespread usage has posed a serious threat to the sustainability of agriculture and stability of an ecosystem. These chemicals are accumulated in the soil, drained in water, and emitted to the air where they persist for decades causing a serious threat to the overall ecosystem. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) present in the rhizosphere convert many plant-unavailable essential nutrients e.g., nitrogen, phosphorous, zinc, etc. into available forms. PGPR produces certain plant growth hormones (such as auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin), cell lytic enzymes (chitinase, protease, hydrolases, etc.), secondary metabolites, and antibiotics, and stress alleviating compounds (e.g., 1-Aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylate deaminase), chelating agents (siderophores), and some signaling compounds (e.g., N-Acyl homoserine lactones) to interact with the beneficial or pathogenic counterparts in the rhizosphere. These multifarious activities of PGPR improve the soil structure, health, fertility, and functioning which directly or indirectly support plant growth under normal and stressed environments. Rhizosphere engineering with these PGPR has a wide-ranging application not only for crop fertilization but developing eco-friendly sustainable agriculture. Due to severe climate change effects on plants and rhizosphere biology, there is growing interest in stress-resilient PGPM and their subsequent application to induce stress (drought, salinity, and heat) tolerance mechanism in plants. This review describes the three components of rhizosphere engineering with an explicit focus on the broader perspective of PGPM that could facilitate rhizosphere engineering in selected hosts to serve as an efficient component for sustainable agriculture.

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Authors
Hakim, S., Naqqash, T., Nawaz, M. S., Laraib, I., Siddique, M. J., Zia, R., Mirza, M. S., & Imran, A.
Affiliations
  • National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (PK)
  • Bahauddin Zakariya University (PK)
Corresponding author
Imran, Asma
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2021-02-15
Volume
5
ISSN
2571-581X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fsufs.2021.617157
OpenAlex
W3131483066
Cited by
507
References
4
Citations by year
2026: 102 · 2025: 110 · 2024: 123 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 17
FWCI
44.49
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Agriculture, Plant Science, Crop Management
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Legume Nitrogen Fixing Symbiosis
Keywords
rhizosphere engineering, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, plant growth-promoting microorganisms, sustainable agriculture, chemical fertilizer substitution, plant hormones, siderophores, N-acyl homoserine lactones, stress tolerance, drought tolerance, salt tolerance, heat tolerance, soil fertility, nutrient availability, plant-microbe interactions

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