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Cited by 2,109Soil Management and Crop YieldSoil erosion and sediment transportSoil Science and Environmental Management

Restoring Soil Quality to Mitigate Soil Degradation

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Lal, Rattan·2015·Sustainability
DOI 10.3390/su7055875
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Abstract

Feeding the world population, 7.3 billion in 2015 and projected to increase to 9.5 billion by 2050, necessitates an increase in agricultural production of ~70% between 2005 and 2050. Soil degradation, characterized by decline in quality and decrease in ecosystem goods and services, is a major constraint to achieving the required increase in agricultural production. Soil is a non-renewable resource on human time scales with its vulnerability to degradation depending on complex interactions between processes, factors and causes occurring at a range of spatial and temporal scales. Among the major soil degradation processes are accelerated erosion, depletion of the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool and loss in biodiversity, loss of soil fertility and elemental imbalance, acidification and salinization. Soil degradation trends can be reversed by conversion to a restorative land use and adoption of recommended management practices. The strategy is to minimize soil erosion, create positive SOC and N budgets, enhance activity and species diversity of soil biota (micro, meso, and macro), and improve structural stability and pore geometry. Improving soil quality (i.e., increasing SOC pool, improving soil structure, enhancing soil fertility) can reduce risks of soil degradation (physical, chemical, biological and ecological) while improving the environment. Increasing the SOC pool to above the critical level (10 to 15 g/kg) is essential to set-in-motion the restorative trends. Site-specific techniques of restoring soil quality include conservation agriculture, integrated nutrient management, continuous vegetative cover such as residue mulch and cover cropping, and controlled grazing at appropriate stocking rates. The strategy is to produce “more from less” by reducing losses and increasing soil, water, and nutrient use efficiency.

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  • Highly disturbed soils can sequester carbon at higher rates compared to less disturbed soils due to lower initial organic C concentrations.

    “Despite these challenges, highly disturbed soils can sequester carbon (C) at higher rates compared to less disturbed soils due to lower initial organic C concentrations (Blanco-Canqui, 2016; Lal, 2015; Paustien et al., 2019).”

    From Early production of switchgrass ( <i>Panicum virgatum</i> L.) and willow ( <i>Salix</i> spp.) indicates carbon accumulation potential in Appalachian reclaimed mine and agriculture soil (2024) · cites this paper as Lal, 2015

    Section 3 says degradation depletes soil organic carbon and that management can increase carbon in depleted soils. It does not say highly disturbed soils sequester carbon at higher rates than less disturbed soils, or establish lower initial carbon as the reason for a rate difference. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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Authors
Lal, R.
Affiliations
The Ohio State University (US)
Corresponding author
Lal, Rattan
ORCID
Lal, Rattan
Venue
Sustainability
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2015-05-13
Volume
7
Issue
5
Pages
5875-5895
ISSN
2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/su7055875
OpenAlex
W1502801871
Cited by
2,109
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 399 · 2025: 354 · 2024: 305 · 2023: 205 · 2022: 207 · 2021: 206 · 2020: 182 · 2019: 115 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 5
FWCI
61.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Management and Crop Yield
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil erosion and sediment transport
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Science and Environmental Management
Keywords
soil degradation, soil quality restoration, soil organic carbon, soil erosion, soil fertility, soil biodiversity, soil structure, conservation agriculture, integrated nutrient management, cover crops, crop residue mulch, controlled grazing, soil acidification, soil salinization, ecosystem services, food security

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