Application of Internet of Things (IoT) for Optimized Greenhouse Environments
Open accessAbstract
This review presents the state-of-the-art research on IoT systems for optimized greenhouse environments. The data were analyzed using descriptive and statistical methods to infer relationships between the Internet of Things (IoT), emerging technologies, precision agriculture, agriculture 4.0, and improvements in commercial farming. The discussion is situated in the broader context of IoT in mitigating the adverse effects of climate change and global warming in agriculture through the optimization of critical parameters such as temperature and humidity, intelligent data acquisition, rule-based control, and resolving the barriers to the commercial adoption of IoT systems in agriculture. The recent unexpected and severe weather events have contributed to low agricultural yields and losses; this is a challenge that can be resolved through technology-mediated precision agriculture. Advances in technology have over time contributed to the development of sensors for frost prevention, remote crop monitoring, fire hazard prevention, precise control of nutrients in soilless greenhouse cultivation, power autonomy through the use of solar energy, and intelligent feeding, shading, and lighting control to improve yields and reduce operational costs. However, particular challenges abound, including the limited uptake of smart technologies in commercial agriculture, price, and accuracy of the sensors. The barriers and challenges should help guide future Research & Development projects and commercial applications.
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Modern IoT-based control systems utilise communication protocols such as MQTT and LoRaWAN, which enable reliable data transmission from bioreactors to central databases even with limited connectivity.
“Modern IoT-based control systems utilise communication protocols such as MQTT (message queuing telemetry transport) and LoRaWAN (long range wide area network), which enable reliable data transmission from bioreactors to central databases even with limited connectivity [248].”
From Multi-Sensing Monitoring of the Microalgae Biomass Cultivation Systems for Biofuels and Added Value Products Synthesis—Challenges and Opportunities (2025) · cites this paper as [248]
The Introduction (page unavailable) identifies MQTT as an IoT communication protocol that can operate at lower bandwidth, supporting that part of the claim. The paper concerns greenhouse systems; the passages found do not identify LoRaWAN or describe reliable transmission from bioreactors to central databases under limited connectivity. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dębowski, M., Kazimierowicz, J., & Zieliński, M. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15137324 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
- Authors
- Maraveas, C., & Bartzanas, T.
- Affiliations
- Agricultural University of Athens (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Bartzanas, Thomas
- Venue
- AgriEngineering
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-11-29
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 954-970
- ISSN
- 2624-7402 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3216612961
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 8.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- AgriEngineering (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Smart Agriculture and AI
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Greenhouse Technology and Climate Control
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Innovations in Aquaponics and Hydroponics Systems
- Keywords
- Internet of Things, precision agriculture, Agriculture 4.0, climate change mitigation in agriculture, temperature and humidity control, rule-based control, remote sensing of crops, fire prevention, agricultural yield improvement
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