A survey of calf housing facilities pre-weaning, management practices and farmer perceptions of calf welfare on Irish dairy farms
Open accessAbstract
It is unknown whether calf rearing facilities in the Republic of Ireland are fit for purpose, or if facilities sufficiently consider calf and farmer welfare. The aim of this study was to review current calf housing facilities and management practices on Irish farms to determine if calves are reared in structurally appropriate facilities with management decisions that safeguard calf and farmer welfare. Fifty-one farms located in the Munster region in the Republic of Ireland were visited twice: (1) Pre-calving (December–January) and (2) During peak calving (January–March). During visit one, herd owners completed a questionnaire regarding calf housing and management practices on-farm and each facility used to rear calves was measured (measurement of cubic air capacity, ventilation, pen area, drainage etc.) without calves being present. Visit two consisted of a short interview with the principal calf manager to validate previously asked questions and environmental based measurements of each calf house that had been recorded, with any deviation from the first visit noted (measurements of temperature, wind speed, light intensity, facility provisions in-house and in-pen; calves present). Average herd size was 254, operating a spring calving system with a median calving season length of 11.6 weeks. While most farms expanded (88%; N = 51), this did not appear to have negatively affected calf space allowances (9.9% houses overcrowded at a space allowance of 1.5 m2/calf; N = 121). Calves were most commonly housed in group sizes of <12 (71.6% of all groupings; N = 394), with farmers moving away from individual housing for a period immediately post-birth, to grouping them immediately instead (58.8%; N = 51). The number of farmers testing colostrum was 31.4% (N = 51). Although the calving season was compact, most farmers were unconcerned about the upcoming spring workload (58.8%; N = 51). Farms appeared sufficiently prepared for spring, with most using the same number or less sheds during visit two than declared in visit one (76.5%; N = 51). To conclude, farmers made sufficient provision for calf housing and space allowances for calves that facilitated group housing post-birth. While structural and management components of rearing systems appear in line with sectoral recommendations, certain areas require attention on many farms (e.g., colostrum testing) to safeguard calf welfare and reduce the workload associated with calf rearing for farmers.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Calves are commonly fed 3 L of milk or milk replacer twice a day in Ireland.
“Regulations do not state the amount of milk (replacer) that must be fed, but calves are commonly fed 3 L of milk or milk replacer twice a day in Ireland (9).”
From Effect of source and journey on physiological variables in calves transported by road and ferry between Ireland and the Netherlands (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
Results §3.8 reports that bull calves were mainly offered whole milk and heifers predominantly milk replacer, and that some farms switched from twice-daily to once-daily feeding. Its 2–3 L figure refers to the first feed of colostrum, not a routine serving of milk or replacer. The paper therefore does not establish that calves commonly receive 3 L twice a day; §2.1 also cautions that the surveyed farms are not representative of all Ireland. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals
de Graaf, D. C., Vanopdenbosch, E., Ortega‐Mora, L. M., Abbassi, H., & Peeters, J. (1999) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0020-7519(99)00076-4 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Influences of Environment and Its Modification on Dairy Animal Health and Production
Collier, R. J., Beede, D. K., Thatcher, W. W., Israel, L. A., & Wilcox, C. J. (1982) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(82)82484-3 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Svensson, C., & Liberg, P. (2005) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.08.021 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Roland, L., Drillich, M., Klein-Jöbstl, D., & Iwersen, M. (2016) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2015-9901 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Enteropathogens and risk factors for diarrhea in Norwegian dairy calves
Gulliksen, S. M., Jor, E., Lie, K. I., Hamnes, I. S., Løken, T., Åkerstedt, J., & Østerås, O. (2009) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2009-2080 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Social behaviour of the calves of semi-wild Maremma cattle, Bos primigenius taurus
Vitale, A., Tenucci, M., Papini, M., & Lovari, S. (1986) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(86)90115-2 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Biosecurity for neonatal gastrointestinal diseases
Barrington, G. M., Gay, J., & Evermann, J. F. (2002) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/s0749-0720(02)00005-1 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Calf health from birth to weaning. II. Management of diarrhoea in pre-weaned calves
Lorenz, I., Fagan, J., & More, S. J. (2011) · Irish Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1186/2046-0481-64-9 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Herd-level risk factors for infectious diseases in Swedish dairy calves aged 0–90 days
Lundborg, G. K., Svensson, E., & Oltenacu, P. A. (2005) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.11.014 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Creativity
Lau, J. Y. F. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118033449 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
One welfare: a framework to improve animal welfare and human well-being
Pinillos, R. G. (2018) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781786393845.0000 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Colostrum quality affects immune system establishment and intestinal development of neonatal calves
Yang, M., Zou, Y., Wu, Z., Li, S. L., & Cao, Z. (2015) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2014-9238 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Thomas, E., Riley, M., & Spees, J. (2019) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104254 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Aust, V., Knappstein, K., Kunz, H. ‐., Kaspar, H., Wallmann, J., & Kaske, M. (2012) · Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1111/jpn.12019 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Drug administration to poultry
Vermeulen, B. (2002) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(02)00069-8 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Dairy calf housing systems across Europe and risk for calf infectious diseases
Marcé, C., Guatteo, R. R., Bareille, N., & Fourichon, C. (2010) · animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731110000650 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Calf health from birth to weaning. III. housing and management of calf pneumonia
Lorenz, I., Earley, B., Gilmore, J., Hogan, I., Kennedy, E., & More, S. J. (2011) · Irish Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1186/2046-0481-64-14 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationArnold, G., & Maller, R. (1977) · Applied Animal Ethology · doi:10.1016/0304-3762(77)90067-0 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Pathogen-specific risk factors in acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in calves
Pardon, B., Callens, J., Maris, J., Allais, L., Praet, W. V., Deprez, P. R., & Ribbens, S. (2020) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2019-17486 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Biosecurity and Risk Management for Dairy Replacements
Maunsell, F. P., & Donovan, G. A. (2008) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.10.007 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Medrano-Galarza, C., LeBlanc, S. J., DeVries, T. J., Jones‐Bitton, A., Rushen, J., de Passille, A. M., & Haley, D. B. (2017) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2016-12273 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
A review on major bacterial causes of calf diarrhea and its diagnostic method
Muktar, Y., Gezhagne, M., Birhanu, B. T., & Belina, D. (2015) · Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health · doi:10.5897/jvmah2014.0351 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Barry, J., Bokkers, E. A. M., Berry, D. P., de Boer, I. J. M., McClure, J. T., & Kennedy, E. (2019) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2019-16815 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationMortalities in bobby calves associated with long distance transport
CAVE, J., CALLINAN, A., & WOONTON, W. (2005) · Australian Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb12203.x · Cited by 64 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Transport is stressful for calves and distance travelled has been linked to calf morbidity [67] and mortality during or shortly after transportation has occurred [68].”
BackgroundVillarroel, A., Dargatz, D. A., Lane, V. M., McCluskey, B. J., & Salman, Μ. D. (2007) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.230.6.808 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Stull, C. L., & Reynolds, J. (2008) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.12.001 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
A review of post transport mortality among younger calves
Knowles, T. (1995) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.137.16.406 · Cited by 59 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Transport is stressful for calves and distance travelled has been linked to calf morbidity [67] and mortality during or shortly after transportation has occurred [68].”
BackgroundCryptosporidium infection in herds with and without calf diarrhoeal problems
Silverlås, C., de Verdier, K., Emanuelson, U., Mattsson, J. G., & Björkman, C. (2010) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/s00436-010-2020-x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Animal Well-Being and Animal Care
Curtis, S. E. (1987) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/s0749-0720(15)31158-0 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Comparison of Calf Housing Types and Tympanic Temperature Rhythms in Holstein Calves
Macaulay, A. S., Hahn, G. L., Clark, D. H., & Sisson, D. V. (1995) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(95)76698-x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Investigation of diarrhoea in the neonatal calf
Bazeley, K. (2003) · In Practice · doi:10.1136/inpract.25.3.152 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The labour input associated with calf care on Irish dairy farms
Gleeson, D. E., O’Brien, B., & O’Donovan, K. (2007) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2007.08.019 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Wilson, D. J., Canning, D., Giacomazzi, T., Keels, K., Lothrop, R., Renaud, D. L., Sillett, N., Taylor, D., Huigenbos, H. V., Wynands, B., et al. (2020) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2020-18438 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Temperature preferences and feed level of the newborn dairy calf
Borderas-Tordesillas, F., de Passillé, A. M. B., & Rushen, J. (2009) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2009.04.010 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Damiaans, B., Renault, V., Sarrazin, S., Berge, A. C., Pardon, B., Ribbens, S., Saegerman, C., & Dewulf, J. (2019) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104768 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The effect of rearing substrate and space allowance on the behavior and physiology of dairy calves
Sutherland, M. A., Worth, G. M., & Stewart, M. (2014) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2013-7822 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Barry, J., Bokkers, E. A. M., de Boer, I. J. M., & Kennedy, E. (2020) · animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731120001615 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationHow milk-fed dairy calves perform in stable versus dynamic groups
Pedersen, R. E., Sørensen, J. T., Skjøth, F., Hindhede, J., & Rousing, T. (2008) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2008.06.007 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Marquou, S., Blouin, L., Djakite, H., Laplante, R., & Buczinski, S. (2019) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2018-16051 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Rearing Young Stock on Tropical Dairy Farms in Asia
Moran, J. (2012) · CSIRO Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1071/9780643107915 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Calf Barn Design to Optimize Health and Ease of Management
Nordlund, K. V., & Halbach, C. E. (2019) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2018.10.002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Individual Variability in Response to Social Stress in Dairy Heifers
Nogues, E., Lecorps, B., Weary, D. M., & von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10081440 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The economic effects of suckling and milk feeding to calves in dual purpose dairy and beef farming
Asheim, L. J., Johnsen, J. F., Havrevoll, Ø., Mejdell, C. M., & Grøndahl, A. M. (2016) · Review of Agricultural Food and Environmental Studies · doi:10.1007/s41130-016-0023-4 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Schell, G. (2002) · University of Texas Press eBooks · doi:10.7560/781771-015 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Producer perceptions of manual and automated milk feeding systems for dairy calves in Canada
Medrano-Galarza, C., LeBlanc, S. J., Jones‐Bitton, A., DeVries, T. J., Rushen, J., de Passille, A. M., & Haley, D. B. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1139/cjas-2017-0038 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
An assessment of the influence of some house designs and environmental factors on calf performance
Kelly, T., Dodd, V. A., Ruane, D., Fallon, R. J., & Tuite, P. J. (1984) · Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research · doi:10.1016/s0021-8634(84)80019-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Quality Assessment of Bovine and Equine Colostrum – An Overview
Schneider, F., & Wehrend, A. (2019) · Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde · doi:10.17236/sat00205 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Brown, A. J., Scoley, G., O’Connell, N. E., Robertson, J. F., Browne, A., & Morrison, S. J. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11071954 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Views of Western Canadian dairy producers on calf rearing: An interview-based study
Russell, E. R., von Keyserlingk, M. A. G., & Weary, D. M. (2021) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2021-21116 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A review of the environmental factors influencing calf respiratory disease
Roe, C. (1982) · Agricultural Meteorology · doi:10.1016/0002-1571(82)90038-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Benchmarking Labour Input on Irish Dairy Farms with Use of a Smartphone App
Deming, J. M., Gleeson, D., Dwyer, T., Kinsella, J., & Brien, B. O. (2017) · Chemical engineering transactions · doi:10.3303/cet1758023 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Collapsing Scale Categories: Comparing the Psychometric Properties of Resulting Scales
Colvin, K. F., & Gorgun, G. (2022) · ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/17315702 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Robertson, J. F. (2020) · Livestock · doi:10.12968/live.2020.25.3.130 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Accuracy and Precision of Smartphones in Measurements of Illuminance and Liquid Turbidity
Thongjan, N., & Sirisathitkul, C. (2020) · Revista cubana de física · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Managing the Chronically Overworked Team: Twenty Strategies.
Hills, L. S. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Perancangan Dan Implementasi Aplikasi Light Meter Pada Smartphone Berbasis Android
Nugroho, P., Wijayanto, I., & Susatio, E. (2018) · eProceedings of Engineering · Cited by 2 · see citing works
An analysis of the Irish dairy sector post quota
Shalloo, L., Connor, D. O., Cele, L. P., Thorne, F. S., & Egan, M. (2020) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.32665.03687 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- [2]Forde A. Over 1000 New Entrants to Dairy Post-Quota. Irish Farmers Journal. Last Updated: 17 March 2021 Available online: https://www.farmersjournal.ie/over-1-000-new-entrants-to-dairy-post-quota-602702 (accessed on 30 August 2022)
- [4]EU Council Directive 2008/119/EC Laying Down Minimum Standards for the Protection of Calves. Official Journal of the European Union. 2008. 1 Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0119 (accessed on 30 August 2022)
- [9]AHI 2021a. Converting Existing Houses into Calf Accommodation. Animal Health Ireland. 3–6 Available online: https://animalhealthireland.ie/assets/uploads/2021/10/AHI-Bulletin-October-2021-FINAL.pdf?dl=1 (accessed on 30 August 2022)
- [21]DAFM Minimum specification for calf housing. Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine 2016, pp. 1–12 Available online: https://www.gov.ie/en/collection/65f5b-tams-farm-building-and-structures-specifications/ (accessed on 30 August 2022)
- [22]McGuirk S.M. Steps I. Solving calf morbidity and mortality problems Proceedings of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, 36th Annual Conference Columbus, OH, USA 1–13 September 2003
- [49]Schaufeli W.B. Leiter M.P. Maslach C. Jackson S.E. The MBI General Survey Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual Maslach C. Jackson S.E. Leiter M.P. Consulting Psychologist Press Palo Alto, CA, USA 1996 19 26
- [70]Fleming A. A Suggested Approach to Help Improve Farmers’ FINANCIAL literacy and Business Management Skills on-FARM. Kellogg Rural Leadership Programme. 2020, 1, 1–25 Available online: https://ruralleaders.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Fleming-Annie_Kellogg-Report-final.pdf (accessed on 30 August 2022)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Welk, A., Neave, H. W., & Jensen, M. B. (2024) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2024-24521 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Mahendran, S. A., Wathes, D. C., Booth, R., Baker, N., & Blackie, N. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13132140 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Silvestri, A., Parlato, M. C. M., Ruchay, A. N., Guo, H., Iussig, G., & Pezzuolo, A. (2026) · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.111602 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
van Dijk, L. L., Siegmann, S., Field, N. L., Sugrue, K., van Reenen, C. G., Bokkers, E. A. M., Sayers, G., & Conneely, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1238734 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Regulations do not state the amount of milk (replacer) that must be fed, but calves are commonly fed 3 L of milk or milk replacer twice a day in Ireland (9).”
Self-citationCalf Health, Feeding and Social Behaviours within Groups Fed on Automatic Milk Feeders
Mahendran, S. A., Wathes, D. C., Blackie, N., & Booth, R. (2023) · Ruminants · doi:10.3390/ruminants3040025 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Douay--Ryckelynck, M., Retzler, P., Meier, K. K., Merle, R., Stock, A., & Jensen, K. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1695330 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A retrospective cross-sectional study of Irish national dairy calf mortality data; 2016–2020
Buckley, L., Kennedy, A. E., Sheehan, M., Casey, M., Doyle, R., & Lane, E. A. (2025) · Irish Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1186/s13620-025-00316-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Review on Bovine Cryptosporidiosis, its Associated Risk Factors and Diagnostics Methods
Weldemariam, D. T., Awoke, M. G., & Aklilu, M. A. (2024) · SM Tropical Medicine Journal · doi:10.36876/2573-363x.smtmj.886873 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Biosecurity in dairy calf production: A scoping review
Martinez, B. A. F., Mayorga, A., Page, J. R., & Habing, G. G. (2025) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106697 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Disease dynamics and antimicrobial use in pre-weaned Holstein calves paired at different ages
Moroz, M. S., Martin, C. C., & Daros, R. R. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1139/cjas-2025-0080 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A survey of calf management practices and calf mortality in dairy herds in Finland
Kähkönen, T., Hälli, O., Rautala, H., Junnikkala, S., & Simojoki, H. (2025) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2025-26942 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Here, R. R. M., McGee, M., McAloon, C., Byrne, A. W., & Earley, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1658532 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Case study of vocalisation patterns in dairy calves fed twice a day, once a day, and during weaning
Krump, L., Galvin, C., Kennedy, E., O’Mahony, J., & Sayers, G. (2026) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2026.106992
Self-citationEffect of dairy calf rearing systems on affective states
Suchon, M., Weary, D. M., & von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. (2026) · Discover Animals · doi:10.1007/s44338-026-00209-8
- Authors
- Sinnott, A. M., Bokkers, E. A. M., Murphy, J. P., & Kennedy, E.
- Affiliations
- Teagasc - The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority (IE)
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Kennedy, Emer
- Venue
- Animals
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-03-10
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1019
- ISSN
- 2076-2615 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10044077
- OpenAlex
- W4324091511
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 4.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Animals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Walsh Fellowship
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal health and immunology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock
- Keywords
- calf housing, calf welfare, dairy farms, group housing, farmer perceptions, ventilation, spring calving, Irish dairy farms
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
