Examining and Adapting the Psychometric Properties of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Health Services Survey (MBI-HSS) among Healthcare Professionals
Open accessAbstract
Burnout is known to negatively impact healthcare providers both physically and mentally and is assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS). Many versions of this tool have been developed for different parts of the world, but there is currently no valid version specifically designed for use in the Gulf Cooperation Council Region. This study aims to use data collected across six different regions in the Gulf Cooperation Council Region to assess the validity and reliability of the MBI-HSS model and develop a version of the MBI-HSS best suited for evaluating burnout levels among the healthcare providers in this region. The MBI-HSS questionnaire adapted by Maslach was distributed to 888 healthcare providers aged 32 years ± 7 years, 231 (26.1%) of whom were males and 651 (73.9%) of whom were females, between 2017 and 2018. The data collected were randomly divided into two subsamples, resulting in a sample with the data of 300 healthcare professionals for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and 588 healthcare professionals for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The CFA of the original version of the MBI-HSS yielded a chi-square value of 1897 (p < 0.001), indicating the need for revision. EFA was then used to construct a new model of the MBI-HSS, and a CFA was performed on the second subsample to evaluate the model fit to the data. The EFA produced a 3-factor version that accounted for 56.3% of the total variance, with item 11 of the MBI moved to the Emotional Exhaustion (EE) subscale and item 16 loaded onto Depersonalisation (DP) instead of EE. Additionally, items 18 and 20 were omitted. The reconstructed version had a Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) value of 0.065 (<0.08), a goodness of fit index (GFI) value of 0.915 (>0.90) and an adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) value of 0.893 (>0.8). These results when compared to the CFA of the original model, which produced a GFI value of 0.79, an AGFI value of 0.74 and an RMSEA value of 0.09 (>0.08), indicate that this new version has a more satisfactory fit to the data and should be used when assessing burnout in the Gulf Cooperation Council Region.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The MBI-HSS is used in various cultural contexts and languages.
“The 22-question Maslach Burnout Inventory contains three dimensions, which assess emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and a sense of personal accomplishment (PA), and the MBI service survey is used in various cultural contexts and language [39,40,41,42,43]; however, to the best of our current knowledge, there is a gap in the literature regarding the validation of the MBI in Arabic”
Cites
An Easy Guide to Factor Analysis
Kline, P. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315788135 · Cited by 3,328 · see citing works
A Brief Guide to Structural Equation Modeling
Weston, R., & Gore, P. A. (2006) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000006286345 · Cited by 2,718 · see citing works
The relationship between burnout, depression, and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Koutsimani, P., Montgomery, A., & Georganta, K. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00284 · Cited by 1,091 · see citing works
Multivariate Analysis: The Need for Data, and other Problems
Everitt, B. J. (1975) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.126.3.237 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Poghosyan, L., Aiken, L. H., & Sloane, D. M. (2009) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.03.004 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
A Cross Validation Study of the Maslach Burnout Inventory
Iwanicki, E. F., & Schwab, R. L. (1981) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316448104100425 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Factorial validity of the Maslach burnout inventory (MBI-HSS) among Spanish professionals
Gil-Monte, P. R. (2005) · Revista de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0034-89102005000100001 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Sim, S.-M., & Rasiah, R. I. (2006) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v35n2p67 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Loera, B., Converso, D., & Viotti, S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114987 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Densten, I. L. (2001) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.115 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Richardsen, A. M., & Martinussen, M. (2004) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/0963179041752691 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Mészáros, V., Ádám, S., Szabó, M., Szigeti, R., & Urbán, R. (2013) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2481 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Vanheule, S., Rosseel, Y., & Vlerick, P. (2006) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1124 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Pisanti, R., Lombardo, C., Lucidi, F., Violani, C., & Lazzari, D. (2012) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2012.06114.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Factor structure of the Maslach Burnout Inventory among Finnish nursing staff
Kanste, O. I., Miettunen, J., & Kyngäs, H. A. (2006) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1442-2018.2006.00283.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Assessment of Burnout and its Factors Among Doctors Using the Abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory
Shaikh, A. A., Shaikh, A., Rajesh, D., & Tahir, A. (2019) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.4101 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Methodological considerations when translating “burnout”
Squires, A. P., Finlayson, C. S., Gerchow, L., Cimiotti, J. P., Matthews, A., Schwendimann, R., Griffiths, P., Busse, R., Heinen, M. M., Brzostek, T., et al. (2014) · Burnout Research · doi:10.1016/j.burn.2014.07.001 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Galanakis, M., Moraitou, M., Garivaldis, F. J., & Stalikas, A. (2009) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v5i4.240 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
LEE, H.-F., CHIEN, T.-W., & YEN, M. (2013) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2012.01427.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Matejic, B. R., Milenovic, M. S., Kisić-Tepavčević, D., Simić, D., Pekmezovic, T. D., & Worley, J. A. (2015) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2015/903597 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Al‐Omari, A., Mutair, A. S. A., Shamsan, A., & Mutairi, A. O. A. (2019) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10010157 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Nori, P., Bartash, R. M., Cowman, K., Dackis, M. N., & Pirofski, L. (2019) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofz092 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Oh, S., & Lee, M. (2008) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.07.012 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Trigo, T. R., Freitas, C. C. S. D., Wang, Y.-P., Ribeiro, F. G., de Lucia, M. C. S., Siqueira, J. O., Iosifescu, D. V., Hallak, J. E. C., & Fraguas, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00695 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
High burn out among doctors working in a tertiary care hospital; a wakeup call.
Mazhar, S. B., Gilani, S., Ain, Q., & Khan, S. (2019) · PubMed · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Burnout Among Healthcare Providers in a Comprehensive Cancer Center in Saudi Arabia
Hamdan, A. B., Alshammary, S. A., Javison, S., Tamani, J., & Alharbi, M. (2019) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.3987 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Psychometric properties of the Maslach Burnout Inventory for Medical Personnel (MBI-HSS-MP)
Lin, C.-Y., Alimoradi, Z., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08868 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“, corresponding to the three dimensions of burnout) has been examined and supported among a variety of human services workers, including therapists [25], legal aid employees [5] and company employees [9].”
BackgroundThe Effective Strategies to Avoid Medication Errors and Improving Reporting Systems
Mutair, A. S. A., Alhumaid, S., Shamsan, A., Zaidi, A. R. Z., Mohaini, M. A., Mutairi, A. O. A., Rabaan, A. A., Awad, M., & Al‐Omari, A. (2021) · Medicines · doi:10.3390/medicines8090046 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Mutair, A. S. A., Mutairi, A. O. A., Ambani, Z., Shamsan, A., Almahmoud, S. A., & Alhumaid, S. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.11469 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Factors Associated with Burnout in the United States Versus International Nurses.
Sullivan, D. A., White, K. M., & Frazer, C. (2022) · The Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2021.11.003 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Prescription Precision: A Comprehensive Review of Intelligent Prescription Systems
Tantray, J., Patel, A., Wani, S. N., Kosey, S., & Prajapati, B. G. (2024) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/0113816128321623240719104337 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sarıgül, S. S., & Uğurluoğlu, Ö. (2023) · Research and theory for nursing practice · doi:10.1891/rtnp-2023-0018 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Existential Vacuum and External Locus of Control as Predictors of Burnout among Nurses
Alfuqaha, O. A., Al-olaimat, Y., Abdelfattah, A. S., Jarrar, R. J., Almudallal, B. M., & Abuajamieh, Z. (2021) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep11030053 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Association between burnout and empathy in medical residents
Zakerkish, M., Shakurnia, A., Hafezi, A., & Maniati, M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0301636 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Lovell, L.-M. P., Atherley, A., Watson, H. R., & King, R. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2022.100357 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mutair, A. S. A., Mutairi, A. O. A., Alabbasi, Y., Shamsan, A., Almahmoud, S. A., Alhumaid, S., Arshad, M., Awad, M., & Rabaan, A. A. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.12119 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Burnout and clinical learning environment among residents in Tehran: A cross-sectional study
Maghbouli, N., Fatehi, F., Mafinejad, M. K., Pourhassan, S., Sohrabpour, A. A., & Ali, J. H. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07238 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Feeling exhausted: How outpatient physical therapists perceive and manage job stressors
Ferguson, J. J., Fritsch, A., Rentmeester, C., Clewley, D. J., & Young, J. L. (2023) · Musculoskeletal Care · doi:10.1002/msc.1761 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hasan, F. M., Daraghmeh, T., Jaber, M., & Shawahna, R. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06196-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bassam, S., Mohsen, H. A., Barakat, Z., & Abbas, L. A. (2023) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-023-03169-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Shamsan, A., Alhajji, M., Alabbasi, Y., Rabaan, A. A., Alhumaid, S., Awad, M., & Mutair, A. S. A. (2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.14246 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Henchiri, H., Tannoubi, A., Harrathi, C., Boussayala, G., Quansah, F., Hagan, J. E., Mechergui, H., Chaabeni, A., Chebbi, T., Lakhal, T. B., et al. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13020173 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Madden, M. J., Kneavel, M. E., & Bowman, T. G. (2022) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0541.21 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Li, H., & Mo, J. (2022) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcac171 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Méndez, R. M. Y., Sánchez-Broncano, J., Cruz-Valdiviano, C. D. L., Quiñones-Anaya, I., & Navarro, E. R. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.139258.2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ciências da Saúde: Investigação e Prática
Pérez, G. J. G., & López, M. G. V. (2023) · Editora Artemis eBooks · doi:10.37572/edart_291123093 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Méndez, R. M. Y., Sánchez-Broncano, J., Cruz-Valdiviano, C. D. L., Quiñones-Anaya, I., & Navarro, E. R. (2023) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.139258.1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Amri, M. M., Maharani, A., & Hidayah, Z. (2022) · Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen · doi:10.21776/ub.jam.2022.020.03.11 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Alshamrani, K. M., Alkenawi, A., Falatah, H. A., Alsulami, W., Alzahrani, F. A., Nayta, T. M., Alharbi, A. H., Alzahrani, M. A., Almutairi, R., Alshomrani, B., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1401213 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Li, L., Huang, C., Lee, Y.-C., & Wu, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1648696 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mutair, A. S. A., Alghadheeb, F., Aldukhi, Z., Alarab, G., & Ahmad, G. Y. (2023) · British Journal of Healthcare Management · doi:10.12968/bjhc.2021.0112 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Job burnout among critical care nurses in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia
Shahin, M. A. H. (2025) · Frontiers of Nursing · doi:10.2478/fon-2025-0008 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Slovak Version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) - Adaptation and Validation: A Pilot Study
Kohútová, K., & Bačkorová, J. (2025) · e-Pedagogium · doi:10.5507/epd.2025.006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kohútová, K. (2022) · Pedagogika · doi:10.14712/23362189.2022.2052 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Efficiency of information technologies for measure the level Burnout Syndrome, a systematic review
Carbonell, M. C., & Velasquez, A. D. L. C. (2021) · European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine
Al-Azri, N. H., & Al-Shamsi, M. (2020) · Journal of Musculoskeletal Surgery and Research · doi:10.4103/jmsr.jmsr_90_20
Psychological Symptoms Among Iranian Healthcare Workers During COVID-19 Pandemic
Eskandari, S., Bazrafshan, M.-R., Ziba, Z., Shakeri, Z., Sarvi, F., Sadeghi, Z., & Rahimpoor, R. (2023) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs-137732 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Martins, J. M. R., Pereira, J. A., Pereira, T. S., Santos, S., & Conde, J. (2023) · Editora Artemis eBooks · doi:10.37572/edart_2911230936
Burnout, Depression, Compassion Satisfaction and Compassion Fatigue in Early Intervention Providers
McMullen, A., Baldwin, J., Deel, M., Hobson, A., & Jeffries, L. (2024) · Journal of Community Medicine & Public Health · doi:10.29011/2577-2228.100455
Özcan, F., Kiziler, F., Brinkkoetter, P. T., Kühne, L., Knöbl, P., & Brinkhoff, A. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8320395/v1
Kober, M., Livingston, J. A., Barrick, C., & Chang, Y. (2026) · Journal of Holistic Nursing · doi:10.1177/08980101261424557
Psychometric characteristics of the Slovak version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT)
Bačkorová, J. (2026) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/202623804003
- Authors
- Al Mutair, A., Al Mutairi, A., Chagla, H., Alawam, K., Alsalman, K., & Ali, A.
- Affiliations
- Research Center, Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Riyadh 12214, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Medina 54321, Saudi Arabia
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain (BH)
- Inaya Medical Colleges (SA)
- Ministry of Health (SA)
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (PK)
- Venue
- Applied Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-03-10
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1890
- ISSN
- 2076-3417 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3012541495
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 10.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Applied Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- burnout, Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey, healthcare workers, psychometric properties, scale adaptation, factor structure, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, questionnaire revision, cross-cultural adaptation, healthcare worker well-being, occupational stress
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
