The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
IoT Privacy and Security: Challenges and Solutions
Open accessAbstract
Privacy and security are among the significant challenges of the Internet of Things (IoT). Improper device updates, lack of efficient and robust security protocols, user unawareness, and famous active device monitoring are among the challenges that IoT is facing. In this work, we are exploring the background of IoT systems and security measures, and identifying (a) different security and privacy issues, (b) approaches used to secure the components of IoT-based environments and systems, (c) existing security solutions, and (d) the best privacy models necessary and suitable for different layers of IoT driven applications. In this work, we proposed a new IoT layered model: generic and stretched with the privacy and security components and layers identification. The proposed cloud/edge supported IoT system is implemented and evaluated. The lower layer represented by the IoT nodes generated from the Amazon Web Service (AWS) as Virtual Machines. The middle layer (edge) implemented as a Raspberry Pi 4 hardware kit with support of the Greengrass Edge Environment in AWS. We used the cloud-enabled IoT environment in AWS to implement the top layer (the cloud). The security protocols and critical management sessions were between each of these layers to ensure the privacy of the users’ information. We implemented security certificates to allow data transfer between the layers of the proposed cloud/edge enabled IoT model. Not only is the proposed system model eliminating possible security vulnerabilities, but it also can be used along with the best security techniques to countermeasure the cybersecurity threats facing each one of the layers; cloud, edge, and IoT.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The constrained resources of IoT devices render them susceptible to both physical and cyber threats.”
From Privacy-preserving security of IoT networks: A comparative analysis of methods and applications (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“transparency and accountability deficits among IoT service providers and users raise ethical and legal concerns”
From Privacy-preserving security of IoT networks: A comparative analysis of methods and applications (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“insufficient awareness and education among IoT stakeholders heighten the risk of privacy violations and security breaches”
From Privacy-preserving security of IoT networks: A comparative analysis of methods and applications (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Among the primary challenges is the large-scale and heterogeneous composition of IoT networks, which complicates management and oversight.”
From Privacy-preserving security of IoT networks: A comparative analysis of methods and applications (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A lack of standardized protocols exacerbates interoperability issues”
From Privacy-preserving security of IoT networks: A comparative analysis of methods and applications (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Recent research indicated how a Fitbit device was subjected to data injection attacks, battery drain hacks and denial-of-service attacks [130].”
From Review of Wearable Devices and Data Collection Considerations for Connected Health (2021) · cites this paper as [130]
In the citing paper
“Through these advanced countermeasures, it has been observed that IoMT can significantly improve the efficiency of the healthcare system by ensuring the safety of patients [14], [15].”
From Federated Learning for Privacy Preservation in Smart Healthcare Systems: A Comprehensive Survey (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
IoT security: Review, blockchain solutions, and open challenges
Khan, M. A., & Salah, K. (2018) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2017.11.022 · Cited by 2,488
Internet of Things: Architectures, Protocols, and Applications
Sethi, P., & Sarangi, S. R. (2017) · Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering · doi:10.1155/2017/9324035 · Cited by 1,777
Internet of Things security: A survey
Alaba, F. A., Othman, M., Hashem, M., & Alotaibi, F. A. (2017) · Journal of Network and Computer Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2017.04.002 · Cited by 1,348
Security and privacy challenges in industrial internet of things
Sadeghi, A., Wachsmann, C., & Waidner, M. (2015) · ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC) · doi:10.1145/2744769.2747942 · Cited by 996
Current research on Internet of Things (IoT) security: A survey
Mohamad Noor, M. B., & Hassan, W. H. (2019) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2018.11.025 · Cited by 989
Internet of Things and Big Data Analytics for Smart and Connected Communities
Sun, Y., Song, H. H., Jara, A. J., & Bie, R. (2016) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2016.2529723 · Cited by 890
A Survey of Man in the Middle Attacks
Conti, M., Dragoni, N., & Lesyk, V. (2016) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2016.2548426 · Cited by 724
Internet of Things security and forensics: Challenges and opportunities
Conti, M., Dehghantanha, A., Franke, K., & Watson, S. (2018) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2017.07.060 · Cited by 720
Anatomy of Threats to the Internet of Things
Makhdoom, I., Abolhasan, M., Lipman, J., Liu, R. P., & Ni, W. (2018) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2018.2874978 · Cited by 418
Twenty Security Considerations for Cloud-Supported Internet of Things
Singh, J. P., Pasquier, T., Bacon, J., Ko, H., & Eyers, D. M. (2015) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2015.2460333 · Cited by 333
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Izzat, A., Chuck, E., and Lo’ai, T. (2020). The NICE Cyber Security Framework, Cyber Security Management, Springer.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–764 of 764
Singh, T. K., & Nisha, T. N. (2025) · International Conference on Emerging Information Technology and Engineering Solutions (EITES) · doi:10.1109/eites66543.2025.00038
Shao, Y. (2025) · Wireless networks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98816-5_1
Unleashing the Potential of Customer Data Platforms: Leveraging Customer Experience and Loyalty
Khatib, M. M. E., Al-Nakeeb, A., Alnuaimi, S., Ahli, R., & Alzoubi, H. M. (2025) · Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation/Advances in science, technology & innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-90131-7_26
An investigation of security risks regarding the user awareness of IoT devices in the home
Khadka, B., Shah, A. K., Shah, R. K., & Yadav, R. K. (2025) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0287403
Relationship of the Security Awareness and the Value Chain
Bak, G., & Reicher, R. Z. (2025) · SMTS · doi:10.3390/engproc2025113057
LEVERAGING COMPUTER SCIENCE IN THE DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF INTERNET OF THINGS SYSTEMS
Nabel, A. A., & Jowan, S. A. (2024) · Journal of Basic Sciences · doi:10.59743/jbs.v37i2.312
Human Error Accident Analysis in Complex Network of Internet of Things Based on BP Algorithm
Wang, X., Gao, R., & Fu, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Information Technologies and Systems Approach · doi:10.4018/ijitsa.394802
SLICED: A secure and adaptive cloud–iot framework for low-latency e-learning environments
Aswin, K., Shanmugapriya, N., & Gopi, R. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-31428-w
Singh, T., Bharathi, B., Wunnava, A., Goyal, S. B., Vamalatha, B., & Rajendran, N. K. (2025) · Multidisciplinary Reviews · doi:10.31893/multirev.2025ss0122
Enhancing RSA Algorithm Performance in Resource-Constrained IoT Networks.
Anyanwu, C. M., Okereke, G. E., Edeh, S. U., & (MSc), O. M. T. (2025) · International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering Management & Applied Science · doi:10.51583/ijltemas.2025.1411000077
Internet of Things: Innovation, Threats, and Consequences
Rahman, M. T. H. A., Abdulhamid, A., Lefoane, M., Kabir, S., & Ghafir, I. (2025) · International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering (ICECCME) · doi:10.1109/iceccme64568.2025.11277861
Layered Minimums and Virtual Labs in the Service of Industrial Transferability
Popof, E., Gömböcz, Z., Illés, Z., & Bencsik, G. (2025) · International Conference on Emerging eLearning Technologies and Applications (ICETA) · doi:10.1109/iceta67772.2025.11280253
Almunawar, M. N., & Tjahjono, H. K. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-3404-2.ch001
Additional file 2 of Machine learning cryptography methods for IoT in healthcare
Chinbat, T., Madanian, S., Airehrour, D., & Hassandoust, F. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25963328
Additional file 1 of Machine learning cryptography methods for IoT in healthcare
Chinbat, T., Madanian, S., Airehrour, D., & Hassandoust, F. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25963165
Selvakumari, K., Aruchamy, P., Balasubramaniam, S., & Ouaissa, M. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27604-0.00009-3
IoT Security: Solutions to Mitigate Attacks
Menjivar, A. G. (2025) · Engineering innovations · doi:10.4028/p-2guuya
Evaluating Deep Learning Approaches for Intrusion Detection in IoT Networks
Blali, A., Dargaoui, S., Azrour, M., Guezzaz, A., & Alabdulatif, A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-08784-3_2
Uwayezu, E., Tenney, D., & McAdams, A. (2026) · Social Network Analysis and Mining · doi:10.1007/s13278-025-01518-8 · Cited by 1
Enhancing Healthcare Ecosystems Through the Integration of IoT for Patient-Centric Solutions
Singh, R. P., Kshirsagar, P. R., Tak, T. K., Upreti, K., Góra-Błaszczykowska, A., & Radhakrishnan, G. V. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on ICT in Business Industry & Government (ICTBIG) · doi:10.1109/ictbig68706.2025.11323576
Reddy, K. B., Aditya, G. V., Yamini, B., & Premalatha, G. (2025) · Global Conference on Information Technology and Communication Networks (GITCON) · doi:10.1109/gitcon65266.2025.11376638
Tracking, Security, Monitoring, and Attack Detection Systems for IoT Devices
Kurt, C., & Tuna, G. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-4972-5.ch013
Aditya, A., Sai, D. R. V., Chayadevi, M. L., Karkada, H. Y., & Sharma, K. G. (2026) · International Conference on Intelligent and Innovative Technologies in Computing, Electrical and Electronics (IITCEE) · doi:10.1109/iitcee67948.2026.11394680
Intrusion detection using ensemble learning and deep learning for IoT network security
Mastouri, R., & Mliki, H. (2026) · Information Security Journal A Global Perspective · doi:10.1080/19393555.2026.2632670
MALLM: Multi-Agent Decision-Making with LLMs for Multi-User Edge-Sensor Environments
Fu, H., Pan, W., Liu, Z., & Lin, S. (2025) · IEEE Annual Congress on Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) · doi:10.1109/aiot66900.2025.00075 · Cited by 1
Green and Intelligent IoT in 6G Era
Datta, P., Garg, N., Aggarwal, A., Kaur, A., & Gulzar, Y. (2026) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394370702.ch3
Future Directions in IoT-Driven Defence Technologies: Opportunities and Challenges
Sahu, K., Kumari, S., Singh, I., & Srivastava, R. K. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83549-198-020261015
Anomaly-Based IDS In IOT Healthcare Application
Mheidat, R., Ahmad, A., Tawalbeh, L., & Muheidat, F. (2025) · International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Communication, Networking and Services (ICCNS) · doi:10.1109/iccns66249.2025.11428637
Self-citationAdaptive Federated Learning Architecture for Privacy and Scalability in Smart Cities
Krishnamoorthy, P., & Prabhu, S. N. (2025) · International Conference on Advances in Computation, Communication and Information Technology (ICAICCIT) · doi:10.1109/icaiccit68829.2025.11434366
Duan, Y., Ramanathan, R., Ramanathan, U., Cadden, T., Gillespie, J., & Swamy, L. N. (2026) · Supply Chain Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/scm-06-2025-0586
A Framework for Enhancing IoT Security through Data Encryption and Secure Communication
Almuqahwi, M., Dawas, H., Abdulla, R., Althawadi, F., Alrowaiei, S., Husain, N., & Elmedany, W. M. (2025) · International Conference on Innovation and Intelligence for Informatics, Computing, and Technologies (3ICT) · doi:10.1109/3ict68299.2025.11442245
Performance and Verifiability of IoT Security Protocols
Mansouri, M. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c5a09e65z39ccz4810zb11bza7da4bf12251
Misalignments between Privacy Claims and Privacy Policies in Smart Sex Toys
Sun, X., Ortega, A. G., Rostami, A., & Lampinen, A. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791454
Consumer Trust, Security, and Ethical Considerations in IoT Markets
Malik, N., Rapria, S., Aleria, D., & Mohit, M. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-3441-7.ch003
Almutairi, T. (2026) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Computer, Data Sciences and Applications (ACDSA) · doi:10.1109/acdsa67686.2026.11468259
Kumari, A., Tiwari, M., & Raut, R. D. (2026) · Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management · doi:10.1108/jstpm-07-2025-0338 · Cited by 1
Mosha, N. F., & Ngulube, P. (2026) · Journal of Librarianship and Information Science · doi:10.1177/09610006261439782 · Cited by 1
Gencturk, E., Üstübioğlu, B., Ulutaş, G., & Symeonidis, I. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16104921 · Cited by 1
Rani, B. U., Kanan, M., Devi, P. Y., Banoth, R., Prof. Padmavathi, N., & Jain, A. (2026) · International Conference on Intelligent Computing (ICONIC) · doi:10.1109/iconic67661.2026.11517666
Perceived Influence of AI on Organisational Decision-Making in the UK Manufacturing Sector
Rizwan, M., & Ahmed, I. (2026) · International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Engineering Systems (ICETES) · doi:10.1109/icetes68504.2026.11518610
Cultural Dimensions of Privacy Behaviours in Smart Speakers: A Systematic Review
Alorini, A., Abahussein, S., Sawad, A. B., Mckie, I. A. S., Althubyani, M., Bukhari, A. A., Abdi, N., Ijaz, K., Prasad, M., & Kocaballi, A. B. (2026) · Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-23341-7_18
Saleem, K., Bajwa, I. S., & Alomari, A. S. A. (2026) · International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks · doi:10.1155/dsn/3401944
Security Risks in Multi-Hop Preconfigured Remote Environments for IoT and IIoT Networks
Michalski, M. (2026) · IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops) · doi:10.1109/percomworkshops68308.2026.11585356
Yemata, S., Lemma, D., & Moussa, S. M. (2026) · IEEE International Conference on Smart Sustainable Systems for Computer and Engineering Applications (3SCEA) · doi:10.1109/3scea68071.2026.11602969
Salih, S., Hashim, A. H. A., Husain, O., Abdelmaboud, A., Motwakel, A., Elshafie, H., & Hamdan, M. (2026) · Telecommunication Systems · doi:10.1007/s11235-026-01492-2
Role of Human‐Centric Approach Toward Digital Sovereignty: A Systematic Literature Review
Behera, T. K., Misra, S., Mishra, B., & Kvalvik, P. (2026) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1002/widm.70105
Air Quality Monitoring Using Internet of Things (IoT) Technologies and Case Studies
Dadi, M., Siachoono, S. M., Munalula, F., & Chibuluma, M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-92-0294-2_8
Cybersecurity in the IoT Era: Protecting the Expanding Internet of Things
Curran, K., Kyle, J., & Singh, L. (2026) · Recent Progress in Science and Engineering · doi:10.21926/rpse.2603017
Privacy-Preserving Distributed Complex Event Processing Using Order-Revealing Encryption
Shafeeq, S., & Fischer, M. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-37218-5_29
A Review of AI and IoT in Supporting Persons with Disabilities
Kadri, M., Alaoui, S., Hnini, A., & Chlioui, I. (2026) · International Conference on Circuit, Systems and Communication (ICCSC) · doi:10.1109/iccsc71566.2026.11650356
SENTRYNet: A User Centric Privacy Preserving IoT Alerting Architecture for Deaf & Hard of Hearing
McDonald, M. J., Marchang, J., Dalton, C. F., & Wang, N. (2026) · International Conference on Distributed Computing in Smart Systems and the Internet of Things (DCOSS-IoT) · doi:10.1109/dcoss-iot69657.2026.00092
Blockchain-Assisted Authentication, Authorization, and Audit for MQTT-Based Smart-City IoT
Lkhluf, R., Orcero, D. S., & González-Cañete, F. J. (2026) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi18090463
A Survey of Intelligent Vulnerability Detection for IoT Devices
Cao, X., Wang, C., & Yan, J. (2026) · International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/icccas70754.2026.11672572
Review of Machine Learning Intrusion Detection Systems in Internet of Things Environment
Jasim, M. M., Adress, F. M., & Fadhil, A. A. (2026) · European Multidisciplinary Journal of Modern Science · doi:10.51699/emjms.v28i4.1667
Alzahrani, M., Nanda, P., Mohanty, M., & Zegil, F. E. (2026) · Network · doi:10.3390/network6030076
Lightweight Sensor Data Encryption on ESP32 Using the Pi Number for Dynamic Operations
Cardona-López, M. A., Segura-Romo, S., Barcenas-Medina, A. L., García, J. R., Salinas-Rosales, M., & Flores-Carapia, R. (2026) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies14100595
Post-Quantum and Federated IoT Security: Challenges, Architecture, and Hardware-Executed Evaluation
Al-Sadi, D., & Tawalbeh, L. (2026) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2026.3737013
Self-citationDaş, R., Yilmaz, A. R., & Özdem, M. (2026) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2026.112789
Leveraging Edge Analytics for Enhanced Data Quality in IoT Systems
Marot, M., Orazi, G., Sánchez, L., Martín, L., O’Reilly-Morgan, D., Duriakova, E., Elias, T., & Gall, F. L. (2026) · Springer handbooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92372-2_7
Kondratenko, S., Nikita, K., Aliev, E., Korzhuk, V. M., & Petrovski, A. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-36030-4_32
Amireddy, K. K., Reddy, P. V. R. R., Reddy, C. N., & Reddy, P. P. (2026) · Frontiers in Sensors · doi:10.3389/fsens.2026.1968999
Nishan, M. N. H. (2026) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.1177/22799036261500249 · Cited by 1
Semi-Virtual Addressing to Enhance Memory Safety on Microcontrollers
Yeo, U., Park, K., & Cho, Y. (2026) · ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC) · doi:10.1145/3770743.3804214
Metadata
- Authors
- Tawalbeh, L., Muheidat, F., Tawalbeh, M., & Quwaider, M.
- Affiliations
- Texas A&M University – San Antonio (US)
- California State University, San Bernardino (US)
- Jordan University of Science and Technology (JO)
- Corresponding author
- Tawalbeh, Lo’ai
- Venue
- Applied Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-06-15
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4102
- ISSN
- 2076-3417 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3034175800
- Cited by
- 764
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 150 · 2024: 173 · 2023: 160 · 2022: 121 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 10
- FWCI
- 45.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Applied Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Digital Commons @ Texas A&M University-San Antonio (Texas A&M University-San Antonio) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Expanded Chancellor Research Initiative grant (CRI) awarded to Texas A&M University- San Antonio, TX, USA. (2019)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Internet of Things and AI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Network Security and Intrusion Detection
- Keywords
- Internet of Things security, IoT privacy, Raspberry Pi, security certificates, security protocols, user awareness, IoT vulnerabilities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
