The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
IoT Privacy and Security: Challenges and Solutions
Open accessAbstract
Privacy and security are among the significant challenges of the Internet of Things (IoT). Improper device updates, lack of efficient and robust security protocols, user unawareness, and famous active device monitoring are among the challenges that IoT is facing. In this work, we are exploring the background of IoT systems and security measures, and identifying (a) different security and privacy issues, (b) approaches used to secure the components of IoT-based environments and systems, (c) existing security solutions, and (d) the best privacy models necessary and suitable for different layers of IoT driven applications. In this work, we proposed a new IoT layered model: generic and stretched with the privacy and security components and layers identification. The proposed cloud/edge supported IoT system is implemented and evaluated. The lower layer represented by the IoT nodes generated from the Amazon Web Service (AWS) as Virtual Machines. The middle layer (edge) implemented as a Raspberry Pi 4 hardware kit with support of the Greengrass Edge Environment in AWS. We used the cloud-enabled IoT environment in AWS to implement the top layer (the cloud). The security protocols and critical management sessions were between each of these layers to ensure the privacy of the users’ information. We implemented security certificates to allow data transfer between the layers of the proposed cloud/edge enabled IoT model. Not only is the proposed system model eliminating possible security vulnerabilities, but it also can be used along with the best security techniques to countermeasure the cybersecurity threats facing each one of the layers; cloud, edge, and IoT.
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“The constrained resources of IoT devices render them susceptible to both physical and cyber threats.”
From Privacy-preserving security of IoT networks: A comparative analysis of methods and applications (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“transparency and accountability deficits among IoT service providers and users raise ethical and legal concerns”
From Privacy-preserving security of IoT networks: A comparative analysis of methods and applications (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“insufficient awareness and education among IoT stakeholders heighten the risk of privacy violations and security breaches”
From Privacy-preserving security of IoT networks: A comparative analysis of methods and applications (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
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“Among the primary challenges is the large-scale and heterogeneous composition of IoT networks, which complicates management and oversight.”
From Privacy-preserving security of IoT networks: A comparative analysis of methods and applications (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
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“A lack of standardized protocols exacerbates interoperability issues”
From Privacy-preserving security of IoT networks: A comparative analysis of methods and applications (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Recent research indicated how a Fitbit device was subjected to data injection attacks, battery drain hacks and denial-of-service attacks [130].”
From Review of Wearable Devices and Data Collection Considerations for Connected Health (2021) · cites this paper as [130]
In the citing paper
“Through these advanced countermeasures, it has been observed that IoMT can significantly improve the efficiency of the healthcare system by ensuring the safety of patients [14], [15].”
From Federated Learning for Privacy Preservation in Smart Healthcare Systems: A Comprehensive Survey (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
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Citations
Cites
IoT security: Review, blockchain solutions, and open challenges
Khan, M. A., & Salah, K. (2018) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2017.11.022 · Cited by 2,488
Internet of Things: Architectures, Protocols, and Applications
Sethi, P., & Sarangi, S. R. (2017) · Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering · doi:10.1155/2017/9324035 · Cited by 1,777
Internet of Things security: A survey
Alaba, F. A., Othman, M., Hashem, M., & Alotaibi, F. A. (2017) · Journal of Network and Computer Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2017.04.002 · Cited by 1,348
Security and privacy challenges in industrial internet of things
Sadeghi, A., Wachsmann, C., & Waidner, M. (2015) · ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC) · doi:10.1145/2744769.2747942 · Cited by 996
Current research on Internet of Things (IoT) security: A survey
Mohamad Noor, M. B., & Hassan, W. H. (2019) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2018.11.025 · Cited by 989
Internet of Things and Big Data Analytics for Smart and Connected Communities
Sun, Y., Song, H. H., Jara, A. J., & Bie, R. (2016) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2016.2529723 · Cited by 890
A Survey of Man in the Middle Attacks
Conti, M., Dragoni, N., & Lesyk, V. (2016) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2016.2548426 · Cited by 724
Internet of Things security and forensics: Challenges and opportunities
Conti, M., Dehghantanha, A., Franke, K., & Watson, S. (2018) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2017.07.060 · Cited by 720
Anatomy of Threats to the Internet of Things
Makhdoom, I., Abolhasan, M., Lipman, J., Liu, R. P., & Ni, W. (2018) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2018.2874978 · Cited by 418
Twenty Security Considerations for Cloud-Supported Internet of Things
Singh, J. P., Pasquier, T., Bacon, J., Ko, H., & Eyers, D. M. (2015) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2015.2460333 · Cited by 333
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Izzat, A., Chuck, E., and Lo’ai, T. (2020). The NICE Cyber Security Framework, Cyber Security Management, Springer.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Advances in healthcare wearable devices
Iqbal, S. M. A., Mahgoub, I., Du, E., Leavitt, M. A., & Asghar, W. (2021) · npj Flexible Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41528-021-00107-x · Cited by 714
Internet of things for smart factories in industry 4.0, a review
Soori, M., Behrooz Arezoo, B., & Dastres, R. (2023) · Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems · doi:10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.04.006 · Cited by 636
IoT and Cloud Computing Issues, Challenges and Opportunities: A Review
Sadeeq, M. M., Abdulkareem, N. M., Zeebaree, S. R. M., Ahmed, D. M., Sami, A. S., & Zebari, R. R. (2021) · Qubahan Academic Journal · doi:10.48161/qaj.v1n2a36 · Cited by 453
Review of Wearable Devices and Data Collection Considerations for Connected Health
Vijayan, V., Connolly, J. P., Condell, J., McKelvey, N., & Gardiner, P. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21165589 · Cited by 435
Federated Learning for Privacy Preservation in Smart Healthcare Systems: A Comprehensive Survey
Ali, M., Naeem, F., Tariq, M., & Kaddoum, G. (2023) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2022.3181823 · Cited by 366
Metadata
- Authors
- Tawalbeh, L., Muheidat, F., Tawalbeh, M., & Quwaider, M.
- Affiliations
- Texas A&M University – San Antonio (US)
- California State University, San Bernardino (US)
- Jordan University of Science and Technology (JO)
- Corresponding author
- Tawalbeh, Lo’ai
- Venue
- Applied Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-06-15
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4102
- ISSN
- 2076-3417 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3034175800
- Cited by
- 764
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 150 · 2024: 173 · 2023: 160 · 2022: 121 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 10
- FWCI
- 45.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Applied Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Digital Commons @ Texas A&M University-San Antonio (Texas A&M University-San Antonio) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Expanded Chancellor Research Initiative grant (CRI) awarded to Texas A&M University- San Antonio, TX, USA. (2019)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Internet of Things and AI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Network Security and Intrusion Detection
- Keywords
- Internet of Things security, IoT privacy, Raspberry Pi, security certificates, security protocols, user awareness, IoT vulnerabilities
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