CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 25Transportation and Mobility InnovationsElectric Vehicles and InfrastructureTransportation Planning and Optimization

A Review of the Transformation of Road Transport Systems: Are We Ready for the Next Step in Artificially Intelligent Sustainable Transport?

Open access
Hasan, Umair, Whyte, Andrew, Al Jassmi, Hamad·2019·Applied System Innovation
DOI 10.3390/asi3010001
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Mobility is experiencing a revolution, as advanced communications, computers with big data capacities, efficient networks of sensors, and signals, are developing value-added applications such as intelligent spaces and autonomous vehicles. Another new technology that is both promising and might even be pervasive for faster, safer and more environmentally-friendly public transport (PT) is the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs). This study aims to understand the state of the current research on the artificially intelligent transportation system (ITS) and AVs through a critical evaluation of peer-reviewed literature. This study’s findings revealed that the majority of existing research (around 82% of studies) focused on AVs. Results show that AVs can potentially reduce more than 80% of pollutant emissions per mile if powered by alternate energy resources (e.g., natural gas, biofuel, electricity, hydrogen cells, etc.). Not only can private vehicle ownership be cut down by bringing in ridesharing but the average vehicle miles travelled (VMT) should also be reduced through improved PT. The main benefits of AV adoption were reported in the literature to be travel time, traffic congestion, cost and environmental factors. Findings revealed barriers such as technological uncertainties, lack of regulation, unawareness among stakeholders and privacy and security concerns, along with the fact that lack of simulation and empirical modelling data from pilot studies limit the application. AV–PT was also found to be the most sustainable strategy in dense urban areas to shift the heavy trip load from private vehicles.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/asi3010001

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The absence of an AV regulatory framework contributes to technological ambiguities and hazards that require resolution.

    “The absence of an AV regulatory framework contributes to technological ambiguities and hazards that require resolution [64].”

    From Assessing the Role of Autonomous Vehicles in Urban Areas: A Systematic Review of Literature (2024) · cites this paper as [64]

    The Abstract lists lack of regulation, technological uncertainties, and privacy and security concerns as barriers to AV adoption. Section 4 also identifies policy and technological shortcomings as barriers. The paper does not say that the absence of a regulatory framework causes technological ambiguities or hazards; it treats these as related but separate concerns. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Due to the lack of legislation, autonomous vehicle deployment and operation require some form of regulation.

    “Due to the lack of legislation, autonomous vehicle deployment and operation require some form of regulation [55,64,65].”

    From Assessing the Role of Autonomous Vehicles in Urban Areas: A Systematic Review of Literature (2024) · cites this paper as [64]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 66

  1. Liu, R.R. Automated Transit: Planning, Operation, and Applications; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2016; p. 224.
  2. Kutz, M., Ed.; McGraw-Hill Education: New York, NY, USA, 2011.
  3. Wang, F.-Y. Driving into the future with ITS. IEEE Intell. Syst. 2006, 21, 94-95. [CrossRef] · DOI
  4. Fagnant, D.J.; Kockelman, K. Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: Opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations. Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 2015, 77, 167-181. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  5. Greenblatt, J.B.; Shaheen, S. Automated Vehicles, On-Demand Mobility, and Environmental Impacts. Curr. Sustain. Renew. Energy Rep. 2015, 2, 74-81. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  6. Fagnant, D.J.; Kockelman, K.M. The travel and environmental implications of shared autonomous vehicles, using agent-based model scenarios. Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol. 2014, 40, 1-13. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  7. Tang, S.; Wang, F.-Y.; Miao, Q. ITSC 05: Current issues and research trends. IEEE Intell. Syst. 2006, 21, 96-102. [CrossRef] · DOI
  8. Kuwata, Y.; Teo, J.; Fiore, G.; Karaman, S.; Frazzoli, E.; How, J.P. Real-time motion planning with applications to autonomous urban driving. IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 2009, 17, 1105-1118. [CrossRef] · DOI
  9. Hasan, U.; Whyte, A.; Al Jassmi, H. Framework for Delivering an AV-based Mass Mobility Solution: Integrating Government-Consumer Actors and Life-cycle Analysis of Transportation Systems. In Proceedings of the 46th European Transport Conference, Dublin, Ireland, 10-12 October 2018.
  10. Shaheen, S.; Cohen, A. North American carsharing market trends. In Innovative Mobility Carsharing Outlook: Carsharing Market Overview, Analysis, and Trends; University of Berkeley: Berkeley, CA, USA, 2013; Volume 2, pp. 1-6.
  11. Shaheen, S.; Cohen, A. Worldwide carsharing growth continues. In Innovative Mobility Carsharing Outlook: Carsharing Market Overview, Analysis, and Trends; University of Berkeley: Berkeley, CA, USA, 2016; pp. 1-6.
  12. Rigole, P.-J. Study of a Shared Autonomous Vehicles Based Mobility Solution in Stockholm. Master's Thesis, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden, 2014; p. 41.
  13. Holmes, J. Zipcar-The Promise of Automated Vehicles. In Proceedings of the 4th Automated Vehicle Symposium, Albany, NY, USA, 2 December 2015; Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International: Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 2015.
  14. Fagnant, D.J.; Kockelman, K.M. Dynamic ride-sharing and optimal fleet sizing for a system of shared autonomous vehicles. In Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, USA, 11-15 January 2015.
  15. Alessandrini, A.; Campagna, A.; Delle Site, P.; Filippi, F.; Persia, L. Automated vehicles and the rethinking of mobility and cities. Transp. Res. Procedia 2015, 5, 145-160. [CrossRef] · DOI
  16. Alessandrini, A.; Mercier-Handisyde, P. CityMobil 2 experience and recommendations. Retrieved Febr. 2016, 22, 2017.
  17. Dadashzadeh, N.; Ergun, M. Spatial bus priority schemes, implementation challenges and needs: An overview and directions for future studies. Public Transp. 2018, 10, 545-570. [CrossRef] · DOI
  18. Nguyen, T.; Xie, M.; Liu, X.; Arunachalam, N.; Rau, A.; Lechner, B.; Busch, F. Platooning of Autonomous Public Transport Vehicles: The Influence of Ride Comfort on Travel Delay. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5237. [CrossRef] · DOI
  19. López-Lambas, M.E.; Alonso, A. The Driverless Bus: An Analysis of Public Perceptions and Acceptability. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4986. [CrossRef] · DOI
  20. Wang, F.-Y.; Zeng, D.; Yang, L. Smart cars on smart roads: An IEEE intelligent transportation systems society update. IEEE Pervasive Comput. 2006, 5, 68-69. [CrossRef] · DOI
  21. Hasan, U.; Chegenizadeh, A.; Nikraz, H. Nanotechnology future and present in construction industry: Applications in geotechnical engineering. In Advanced Research on Nanotechnology for Civil Engineering Applications; IGI Global: Hershey, PA, USA, 2016; pp. 141-179.
  22. Simon, H.A. The Sciences of the Artificial, 3rd ed.; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1996; p. 248.
  23. Wang, F.-Y. Agent-based control for networked traffic management systems. IEEE Intell. Syst. 2005, 20, 92-96. [CrossRef] · DOI
  24. Wang, F.-Y.; Tang, S. Artificial societies for integrated and sustainable development of metropolitan systems. IEEE Intell. Syst. 2004, 19, 82-87. [CrossRef] · DOI
  25. Dey, K.C.; Rayamajhi, A.; Chowdhury, M.; Bhavsar, P.; Martin, J. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication in a heterogeneous wireless network-Performance evaluation. Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol. 2016, 68, 168-184. [CrossRef] · DOI
  26. Ndashimye, E.; Ray, S.K.; Sarkar, N.I.; Gutiérrez, J.A. Vehicle-to-infrastructure communication over multi-tier heterogeneous networks: A survey. Comput. Netw. 2017, 112, 144-166. [CrossRef] · DOI
  27. Huang, Y.; Bird, R.; Bell, M. A comparative study of the emissions by road maintenance works and the disrupted traffic using life cycle assessment and micro-simulation. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 2009, 14, 197-204. [CrossRef] · DOI
  28. Zhou, Y.; Tupper, L.; Chowdhury, M.; Klotz, L. Green credits versus environmentally sustainable traffic operations: Comparison of contributions to energy and emissions reductions. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board 2010, 2163, 103-111. [CrossRef] · DOI
  29. Gupta, S.; Kalmanje, S.; Kockelman, K.M. Road pricing simulations: Traffic, land use and welfare impacts for Austin, Texas. Transp. Plan. Technol. 2006, 29, 1-23. [CrossRef] · DOI
  30. Dadashzadeh, N.; Ergun, M. An Integrated Variable Speed Limit and ALINEA Ramp Metering Model in the Presence of High Bus Volume. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6326. [CrossRef] · DOI
  31. Cambridge Systematics. Crashes vs. Congestion: What's the Cost to Society? American Automobile Association: Washington, DC, USA, 2011; p. 58.
  32. Farhadi, A.; Endres, I.; Hoiem, D.; Forsyth, D. Describing objects by their attributes. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, (CVPR 2009), Miami, FL, USA, 20-25 June 2009; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2009.
  33. Campbell, M.; Egerstedt, M.; How, J.P.; Murray, R.M. Autonomous driving in urban environments: Approaches, lessons and challenges. Philos. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 2010, 368, 4649-4672. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  34. Zarkeshev, A.; Csiszár, C. Are People Ready to Entrust Their Safety to an Autonomous Ambulance as an Alternative and More Sustainable Transportation Mode? Sustainability 2019, 11, 5595. [CrossRef] · DOI
  35. Tupper, L.L.; Chowdhury, M.A.; Klotz, L.; Fries, R.N. Measuring sustainability: How traffic incident management through intelligent transportation systems has greater energy and environmental benefits than common construction-phase strategies for "green" roadways. Int. J. Sustain. Transp. 2012, 6, 282-297. [CrossRef] · DOI
  36. Hasan, U. Experimental Study on Bentonite Stabilisation Using Construction Waste and Slag. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Australia, 2015; p. 181.
  37. Hasan, U.; Chegenizadeh, A.; Budihardjo, M.A.; Nikraz, H. Experimental Evaluation of Construction Waste and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag as Alternative Soil Stabilisers. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 2016, 34, 1707-1722. [CrossRef] · DOI
  38. Hasan, U.; Chegenizadeh, A.; Budihardjo, M.; Nikraz, H. A review of the stabilisation techniques on expansive soils. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 2015, 9, 541-548.
  39. Hasan, U.; Chegenizadeh, A.; Budihardjo, M.A.; Nikraz, H. Shear Strength Evaluation of Bentonite Stabilised With Recycled Materials. J. Geoengin. 2016, 11, 59-73.
  40. Fries, R.; Chowdhury, M.; Ma, Y. Accelerated incident detection and verification: A benefit to cost analysis of traffic cameras. J. Intell. Transp. Syst. 2007, 11, 191-203. [CrossRef] · DOI
  41. Vianna, M.M.B.; da Silva Portugal, L.; Balassiano, R. Intelligent transportation systems and parking management: Implementation potential in a Brazilian city. Cities 2004, 21, 137-148. [CrossRef] · DOI
  42. Shoup, D.C. The High Cost of Free Parking; Planners Press, American Planning Association: Chicago, IL, USA, 2011; p. 808.
  43. Meyer, J.; Becker, H.; Bösch, P.M.; Axhausen, K.W. Autonomous vehicles: The next jump in accessibilities? Res. Transp. Econ. 2017, 62, 80-91. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  44. Carrese, S.; Nigro, M.; Patella, S.M.; Toniolo, E. A preliminary study of the potential impact of autonomous vehicles on residential location in Rome. Res. Transp. Econ. 2019, 75, 55-61. [CrossRef] · DOI
  45. Buehler, R. Can public transportation compete with automated and connected cars? J. Public Transp. 2018, 21, 2. [CrossRef] · DOI
  46. Hasan, U.; Whyte, A.; Al Jassmi, H. Life-Cycle Asset Management in Residential Developments Building on Transport System Critical Attributes via a Data-Mining Algorithm. Buildings 2018, 9, 1. [CrossRef] · DOI
  47. Lu, Z.; Du, R.; Dunham-Jones, E.; Park, H.; Crittenden, J. Data-enabled public preferences inform integration of autonomous vehicles with transit-oriented development in Atlanta. Cities 2017, 63, 118-127. [CrossRef] · DOI
  48. Bösch, P.M.; Becker, F.; Becker, H.; Axhausen, K.W. Cost-based analysis of autonomous mobility services. Transp. Policy 2018, 64, 76-91. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  49. Luers, A.L.; Mastrandrea, M.D.; Hayhoe, K.; Frumhoff, P.C. How to Avoid Dangerous Climate Change: A Target for US Emissions Reductions; Union of Concerned Scientists: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2007; p. 34.
  50. Shaheen, S.A.; Lipman, T.E. Reducing greenhouse emissions and fuel consumption: Sustainable approaches for surface transportation. IATSS Res. 2007, 31, 6-20. [CrossRef] · DOI
  51. Clevenger, C.M.; Ozbek, M.E.; Simpson, S. Review of sustainability rating systems used for infrastructure projects. In Proceedings of the 49th ASC Annual International Conference Proceedings, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA, 10-13 April 2013.
  52. Hasan, U.; Whyte, A.; Al Jassmi, H. Critical review and methodological issues in integrated life-cycle analysis on road networks. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 206, 541-558. [CrossRef] · DOI
  53. Barros, C.B.; Dmytrow, S. Weather-mix asphalt: Warm approach works in California, where climates of all kinds play. Roads Bridges 2009, 47, 26-28.
  54. Clyne, T. Warm mix asphalt. In Proceedings of the North Dakota Asphalt Conference, Bismark, ND, USA, 6-7 April 2010.
  55. Brown, D. Warm mix: The light is green. Hot Mix Asph. Technol. 2008, 13, 20-32.
  56. Walker, D. Gaining experience with warm mix asphalt. Asphalt 2009, 24, 22-28.
  57. Patella, S.M.; Scrucca, F.; Asdrubali, F.; Carrese, S. Carbon Footprint of autonomous vehicles at the urban mobility system level: A traffic simulation-based approach. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 2019, 74, 189-200. [CrossRef] · DOI
  58. Patella, S.M.; Aletta, F.; Mannini, L. Assessing the impact of Autonomous Vehicles on urban noise pollution. Noise Mapp. 2019, 6, 72. [CrossRef] · DOI
  59. Loeb, B.; Kockelman, K.M. Fleet performance and cost evaluation of a shared autonomous electric vehicle (SAEV) fleet: A case study for Austin, Texas. Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 2019, 121, 374-385. [CrossRef] · DOI
  60. Economist Technology Quarterly: Q3. Inside Story: Look, no Hands. In The Economist; The Economist Group: Chicago, IL, USA, 2012; pp. 17-19.
  61. Tientrakool, P.; Ho, Y.C.; Maxemchuk, N.F. Highway capacity benefits from using vehicle-to-vehicle communication and sensors for collision avoidance. In Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall), San Francisco, CA, USA, 5-8 September 2011; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2011.
  62. Zielinski, S. Whole system connectivity: Focus on user. In Proceedings of the 4th Automated Vehicle Symposium, Albany, NY, USA, 2 December 2015; Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International: Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 2015.
  63. Lesh, M. Multimodal ITS transit research direction-Integrated, connected, on-demand shared use mobility. In Proceedings of the 4th Automated Vehicle Symposium, Albany, NY, USA, 2 December 2015; Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International: Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 2015.
  64. Polzin, S.E. How New Technologies and Autonomous Vehicles May Change Public Transportation; PSTA Board Workshop, Center for Urban Transportation Research, University of South Florida: Tampa, FL, USA, 2016.
  65. Raney, S.; Young, S.E. Morgantown people mover-updated description. In Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting 2005, Washington, DC, USA, 15 November 2004.
  66. Hameed, F.; Hancock, K. Incorporating Costs of Life-Cycle Impacts into Transportation Program Development. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board 2014, 2453, 77-83. [CrossRef] 100. Lopes Gil, J.; Duarte, J.P. Tools for evaluating the sustainability of urban design: A review. Proc. ICE-Urban Des. Plan. 2013, 166, 311-325. 101. Santos, J.; Ferreira, A.; Flintsch, G. A life cycle assessment model for pavement management: Road pavement construction and management in Portugal. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 2015, 16, 315-336. [CrossRef · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Hasan, U., Whyte, A., & Al Jassmi, H.
Affiliations
  • Curtin University (AU)
  • Director of Roadway, Transportation and Traffic Safety Research Centre (RTTSRC), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
Corresponding author
Hasan, Umair
ORCID
Venue
Applied System Innovation
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2019-12-19
Volume
3
Issue
1
Pages
1
ISSN
2571-5577 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/asi3010001
OpenAlex
W2995178128
Cited by
25
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3
FWCI
1.37
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Applied System Innovation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Department of Education, Australian Governement (N/A)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Transportation and Mobility Innovations
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
  • Social Sciences › Transportation › Transportation Planning and Optimization
Keywords
autonomous vehicles, intelligent transportation systems, artificial intelligence in transport, sustainable transport, public transport, vehicle miles traveled, ride-sharing, traffic congestion, emission reduction, privacy and security concerns, urban mobility, private vehicle ownership

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review