Campylobacter jejuni Serine Protease HtrA Induces Paracellular Transmigration of Microbiota across Polarized Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Open accessAbstract
Campylobacter jejuni represents an eminent zoonotic germ responsible for foodborne infections causing campylobacteriosis. In addition, infections with C. jejuni constitute a risk factor for the occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the latter case, patients show inflammatory reactions not only against C. jejuni, but also against the non-infectious microbiota. However, the involved mechanisms and molecular basis are still largely unclear. We recently reported that C. jejuni breaches the intestinal epithelial barrier by secretion of serine protease HtrA (high temperature requirement A), which cleaves several major tight and adherens junction proteins. In the present study, we aimed to study if HtrA-expressing C. jejuni may also trigger the transepithelial migration of non-pathogenic gastrointestinal microbiota. Using confocal immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy, we demonstrate that C. jejuni wild-type (wt) as well as the isogenic ∆htrA mutant bind to the surface of polarized intestinal Caco-2 epithelial cells, but do not invade them at the apical side. Instead, C. jejuni wt, but not ∆htrA mutant, disrupt the cellular junctions and transmigrate using the paracellular route between neighboring cells. Using transwell filter systems, we then co-incubated the cells with C. jejuni and non-invasive microbiota strains, either Escherichia coli or Lactococcus lactis. Interestingly, C. jejuni wt, but not ∆htrA mutant, induced the efficient transmigration of these microbiota bacteria into the basal compartment. Thus, infection of the intestinal epithelium with C. jejuni causes local opening of cellular junctions and paracellular translocation in an HtrA-dependent manner, which paves the way for transmigration of microbiota that is otherwise non-invasive. Taken together, these findings may have impacts on various Campylobacter-associated diseases such as IBD, which are discussed here.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
H. pylori, Salmonella typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni interact with the host cell epithelium and establish infection by HtrA.
“As H. pylori, Salmonella typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni, a bacterium responsible for foodborne infections, interact with the host cell epithelium and establish infection by HtrA.79–81”
From The emerging roles of bacterial proteases in intestinal diseases (2023) · cites this paper as [79]
Tight junctions are targets of infectious agents such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (through LasB), H. pylori (PqqE and HtrA), C. jejuni (HtrA), V. cholerae (vibrolysin), Shigella, Salmonella or pathogenic Escherichia coli (SepA).
“Tight junctions are also targets of infectious agents such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (through LasB),132 H. pylori (PqqE and HtrA),61–63 C. jejuni (HtrA), 79,80 V. cholerae (vibrolysin),10,83 Shigella, Salmonella or pathogenic Escherichia coli (SepA).72,133”
From The emerging roles of bacterial proteases in intestinal diseases (2023) · cites this paper as [79]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Kirk, M. D., Pires, S. M., Black, R. E., Caipo, M., Crump, J. A., Devleesschauwer, B., Döpfer, D., Fazil, A., Fischer-Walker, C. L., Hald, T., et al. (2015) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001921 · Cited by 1,625 · cited 1× · see citing works
“) jejuni is a leading zoonotic disease-causing agent and the primary cause of bacterial gastroenteritis transmitted through food worldwide, with more than 96 million cases every year [1].”
BackgroundA Comprehensive Review and Update on the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Guan, Q. (2019) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1155/2019/7247238 · Cited by 1,072 · see citing works
IBD—what role do Proteobacteria play?
Mukhopadhya, I., Hansen, R., El-Omar, E. M., & Hold, G. L. (2012) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2012.14 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
HTRA proteases: regulated proteolysis in protein quality control
Clausen, T., Kaiser, M., Huber, R., & Ehrmann, M. (2011) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm3065 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Escherichia coli Pathobionts Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Mirsepasi‐Lauridsen, H. C., Vallance, B. A., Krogfelt, K. A., & Petersen, A. M. (2019) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00060-18 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Campylobacter jejuni: collective components promoting a successful enteric lifestyle
Burnham, P. M., & Hendrixson, D. R. (2018) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-018-0037-9 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Hoy, B., Geppert, T., Boehm, M., Reisen, F., Plattner, P., Gadermaier, G., Sewald, N., Ferreira, F., Briza, P., Schneider, G., et al. (2012) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c111.333419 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationStructure and Function of HtrA Family Proteins, the Key Players in Protein Quality Control
Kim, D. Y., & Kim, K.-K. (2005) · BMB Reports · doi:10.5483/bmbrep.2005.38.3.266 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Host Epithelial Cell Invasion by Campylobacter jejuni: Trigger or Zipper Mechanism?
Cróinı́n, T. Ó., & Backert, S. (2012) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2012.00025 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationBoehm, M., Hoy, B., Rohde, M., Tegtmeyer, N., Bæk, K. T., Oyarzábal, O. A., Brøndsted, L., Weßler, S., & Backert, S. (2012) · Gut Pathogens · doi:10.1186/1757-4749-4-3 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationMiller, W. G., Bates, A. H., Horn, S. T., Brandl, M. T., Wachtel, M. R., & Mandrell, R. E. (2000) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.66.12.5426-5436.2000 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
HtrA Protease Family as Therapeutic Targets
Skórko‐Glonek, J., Żurawa‐Janicka, D., Koper, T., Jarząb, M., Figaj, D., Glaza, P., & Lipińska, B. (2012) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612811319060003 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Campylobacter jejuni induces transcellular translocation of commensal bacteria via lipid rafts
Kalischuk, L. D., Inglis, G. D., & Buret, A. G. (2009) · Gut Pathogens · doi:10.1186/1757-4749-1-2 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Haag, L.-M., Fischer, A., Otto, B., Plickert, R., Kühl, A. A., Göbel, U. B., Bereswill, S., & Heimesaat, M. M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035988 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Extracellular HtrA serine proteases: An emerging new strategy in bacterial pathogenesis
Backert, S., Bernegger, S., Skórko‐Glonek, J., & Weßler, S. (2018) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/cmi.12845 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationLamb-Rosteski, J. M., Kalischuk, L. D., Inglis, G. D., & Buret, A. G. (2008) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.01698-07 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Ang, C. W., Laman, J. D., Willison, H. J., Wagner, E. R., Endtz, H. P., de Klerk, M. A., Tio‐Gillen, A. P., van den Braak, N., Jacobs, B. C., & van Doorn, P. A. (2002) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.70.3.1202-1208.2002 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Backert, S., Boehm, M., Weßler, S., & Tegtmeyer, N. (2013) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/1478-811x-11-72 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of the small Rho GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 in host cell invasion of Campylobacter jejuni
Krause-Gruszczynska, M., Rohde, M., Hartig, R., Genth, H., Schmidt, G., Keo, T., König, W., Miller, W. G., Konkel, M. E., & Backert, S. (2007) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00971.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationAhlawat, S., Kumar, P., Mohan, H., Goyal, S., & Sharma, K. K. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Microbiology · doi:10.1080/1040841x.2021.1876631 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Hartung, M. L., Gruber, D. C., Koch, K. N., Grüter, L., Rehrauer, H., Tegtmeyer, N., Backert, S., & Mueller, A. (2015) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.074 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationAnalysis of the serologic response to systemic Candida albicans infection in a murine model
Pitarch, A., Diez‐Orejas, R., Molero, G., Pardo, M., Sánchez, M., Gil, C., & Nombela, C. (2001) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/1615-9861(200104)1:4 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationHarrer, A., Bücker, R., Boehm, M., Zarzecka, U., Tegtmeyer, N., Sticht, H., Schulzke, J. D., & Backert, S. (2019) · Gut Pathogens · doi:10.1186/s13099-019-0283-z · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationA role for Campylobacter jejuni-induced enteritis in inflammatory bowel disease?
Kalischuk, L. D., & Buret, A. G. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00193.2009 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Heimesaat, M. M., Alutis, M. E., Grundmann, U., Fischer, A., Tegtmeyer, N., Böhm, M., Kühl, A. A., Göbel, U. B., Backert, S., & Bereswill, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2014.00077 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Interplay between Immune System and Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Narrative Review
Aldars‐García, L., Marín, A. C., Chaparro, M., & Gisbert, J. P. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22063076 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Smith, L. (2002) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x-65.4.696 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Human Campylobacteriosis—A Serious Infectious Threat in a One Health Perspective
Heimesaat, M. M., Backert, S., Alter, T., & Bereswill, S. (2021) · Current topics in microbiology and immunology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_1 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationKrause-Gruszczynska, M., Boehm, M., Rohde, M., Tegtmeyer, N., Takahashi, S., Buday, L., Oyarzábal, O. A., & Backert, S. (2011) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/1478-811x-9-32 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationBreaking into the epithelial apical–junctional complex — news from pathogen hackers
Vogelmann, R., Amieva, M. R., Falkow, S., & Nelson, W. J. (2003) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2003.12.002 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Backert, S., & Hofreuter, D. (2013) · Journal of Microbiological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2013.06.031 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationBoehm, M., Lind, J., Backert, S., & Tegtmeyer, N. (2015) · European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1556/eujmi-d-15-00003 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationExpression patterns and role of the CadF protein inCampylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter coli
Krause-Gruszczynska, M., van Alphen, L. B., Oyarzábal, O. A., Alter, T., Hänel, I., Schliephake, A., König, W., van Putten, J. P. M., Konkel, M. E., & Backert, S. (2007) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00802.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationCampylobacter Virulence Factors and Molecular Host–Pathogen Interactions
Tegtmeyer, N., Sharafutdinov, I., Harrer, A., Esmaeili, D. S., Linz, B., & Backert, S. (2021) · Current topics in microbiology and immunology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_7 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationOyarzábal, O. A., Backert, S., Nagaraj, M., Miller, R. S., Hussain, S. K., & Oyarzabal, E. A. (2006) · Journal of Microbiological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2006.12.011 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationWorldwide meta-analysis of the prevalence of Campylobacter in animal food products
Zbrun, M. V., Rossler, E., Romero‐Scharpen, A., Soto, L. P., Berisvil, A. P., Zimmermann, J. A., Fusari, M. L., Signorini, M. L., & Frizzo, L. S. (2020) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.05.017 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
O’Loughlin, J. L., Samuelson, D. R., Braundmeier‐Fleming, A., White, B. A., Haldorson, G. J., Stone, J. B., Lessmann, J. J., Eucker, T. P., & Konkel, M. E. (2015) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00281-15 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Campylobacter jejuni Serine Protease HtrA Cleaves the Tight Junction Component Claudin-8
Sharafutdinov, I., Esmaeili, D. S., Harrer, A., Tegtmeyer, N., Sticht, H., & Backert, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.590186 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationFunction of serine protease HtrA in the lifecycle of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni
Boehm, M., Simson, D., Escher, U., Schmidt, A.-M., Bereswill, S., Tegtmeyer, N., Backert, S., & Heimesaat, M. M. (2018) · European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1556/1886.2018.00011 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationHeimesaat, M. M., Fischer, A., Alutis, M. E., Grundmann, U., Boehm, M., Tegtmeyer, N., Göbel, U. B., Kühl, A. A., Bereswill, S., & Backert, S. (2014) · Gut Pathogens · doi:10.1186/1757-4749-6-16 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationDogan, O. B., Aditya, A., Ortúzar, J., Clarke, J., & Wang, B. (2021) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12860 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Schmidt, A.-M., Escher, U., Mousavi, S., Boehm, M., Backert, S., Bereswill, S., & Heimesaat, M. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2019.00079 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationNielsen, H. L., Dalager‐Pedersen, M., & Nielsen, H. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1080/00365521.2019.1578406 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Neddermann, M., & Backert, S. (2019) · Gut Pathogens · doi:10.1186/s13099-019-0295-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationDetection of Campylobacter jejuni liver dissemination in experimentally colonized turkey poults
Sylte, M. J., Shippy, D. C., Bearson, B. L., & Bearson, S. M. D. (2020) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.042 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
HtrA Protease Family as Therapeutic Targets
Skórko‐Glonek, J., Żurawa‐Janicka, D., Koper, T., et al. (2012) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/13816128130603 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Martora, F., Pagliuca, C., Pepa, M. E. D., Rocca, M. T. D., Curto, S., Iovene, M. R., & Vitiello, M. (2020) · PubMed · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The emerging roles of bacterial proteases in intestinal diseases
Caminero, A., Guzman, M., Libertucci, J., & Lomax, A. E. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2181922 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Campylobacter jejuni: targeting host cells, adhesion, invasion, and survival
Kemper, L., & Hensel, A. (2023) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-023-12456-w · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Direct and indirect effects of pathogenic bacteria on the integrity of intestinal barrier
Shu, L.-Z., Ding, Y.-D., Xue, Q.-M., Cai, W., & Deng, H. (2023) · Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1177/17562848231176427 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Lialios, P., & Alimperti, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2025.1506636 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Campylobacter jejuni virulence factors: update on emerging issues and trends
Tikhomirova, A., McNabb, E. R., Petterlin, L., Bellamy, G. L., Lin, K. H., Santoso, C. A., Daye, E. S., Alhaddad, F. M., Lee, K. P., & Roujeinikova, A. (2024) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-024-01033-6 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Therapeutic potential of gut microbiota modulation in epilepsy: A focus on short-chain fatty acids
Yan, R., Zhang, L., Chen, Y., Zheng, Y., Ping, X., & Xu, Z. (2025) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2025.106880 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Molecular Targets in Campylobacter Infections
Heimesaat, M. M., Backert, S., Alter, T., & Bereswill, S. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13030409 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationSharafutdinov, I., Tegtmeyer, N., Rohde, M., Olofsson, A., Rehman, Z. U., Arnqvist, A., & Backert, S. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13030224 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationEvolution and Role of Proteases in Campylobacter jejuni Lifestyle and Pathogenesis
Linz, B., Sharafutdinov, I., Tegtmeyer, N., & Backert, S. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13020323 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationImbrea, A.-M., Balta, I., Dumitrescu, G., McCleery, D., Peț, I., Iancu, T., Ştef, L., Corcionivoschi, N., & Liliana, P. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14083373 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kaden, T., Alonso‐Román, R., Stallhofer, J., Gresnigt, M. S., Hube, B., & Mosig, A. S. (2024) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202402756 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Foodborne Pathogens - Recent Advances in Control and Detection
Lamas, A., Franco, C. M., & Regal, P. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.98159 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Elechi, J. O. G., Vidhya, C. S., Smah, A. C., & Faith, E. O. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.107299 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Duda-Madej, A., Gagat, P., Wiśniewski, J. Ł., Viscardi, S., & Krzyżek, P. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262110634 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Therapeutic and protective approaches to combat Campylobacter jejuni infections
Sharafutdinov, I., Linz, B., Tegtmeyer, N., & Backert, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1572616 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationThe interaction between the gut microbiota, nutrition, and human health
Hrustemović, E. (2025) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.70395 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Eckhard, U., Ramírez-Larrota, J. S., Estevan-Morió, E., & Gomis‐Rüth, F. X. (2026) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2026.2687149 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Smith, C. B., Gao, A. Y., Bravo, P., & Alam, A. M. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.04.10.588895 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Radiotherapy, proteases and gastric cancer: A complex interplay
Rehan, A., Sharma, S., & Dutta, A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-30098-1.00006-9
Noman, O. M., Tegtmeyer, N., Linz, B., Müsken, M., & Backert, S. (2025) · Gut Pathogens · doi:10.1186/s13099-025-00778-1
Self-citationLi, Q., Ye, H., Chen, R., Zhou, G., & Zhang, S. (2026) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2026.01.002
Edwinson, A. L., Peters, S., Breen‐Lyles, M. K., Lennon, R. J., Dasari, S., & Grover, M. (2026) · npj gut and liver. · doi:10.1038/s44355-026-00058-y
AlMalki, M., Pierri, C. R. D., Méric, T., Mkaouar, H., Slimani, D., Mariaule, V., Tebassi, S., Akermi, N., Maguin, E., Hernandez, J. L., et al. (2026) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2026.2726641
- Authors
- Sharafutdinov, I., Tegtmeyer, N., Müsken, M., & Backert, S.
- Affiliations
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Backert, Steffen
- Venue
- Biomolecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-03-30
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 521
- ISSN
- 2218-273X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9027135
- OpenAlex
- W4220740533
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 2.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomolecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- OPUS Repository (Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund Berlin-Brandenburg) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Federal Ministry of Education and Research (IP9/ 01KI2007E)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- Campylobacter jejuni, HtrA serine protease, gut microbiota, intestinal epithelial barrier, tight junctions, adherens junctions, Caco-2 cells, inflammatory bowel disease, Escherichia coli, Lactococcus lactis, bacterial invasion
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Serine Endopeptidases, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Campylobacter jejuni, Caco-2 Cells, Serine Proteases, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
