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Cited by 34Electrochemical sensors and biosensorsAdvanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting MaterialsMetal-Organic Frameworks: Synthesis and Applications

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Metal Organic Frameworks Based Wearable and Point-of-Care Electrochemical Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring

Open access
Theyagarajan, K, Kim, Young-Joon·2024·Biosensors
DOI 10.3390/bios14100492PMC PMC11506055
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Abstract

The modern healthcare system strives to provide patients with more comfortable and less invasive experiences, focusing on noninvasive and painless diagnostic and treatment methods. A key priority is the early diagnosis of life-threatening diseases, which can significantly improve patient outcomes by enabling treatment at earlier stages. While most patients must undergo diagnostic procedures before beginning treatment, many existing methods are invasive, time-consuming, and inconvenient. To address these challenges, electrochemical-based wearable and point-of-care (PoC) sensing devices have emerged, playing a crucial role in the noninvasive, continuous, periodic, and remote monitoring of key biomarkers. Due to their numerous advantages, several wearable and PoC devices have been developed. In this focused review, we explore the advancements in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)-based wearable and PoC devices. MOFs are porous crystalline materials that are cost-effective, biocompatible, and can be synthesized sustainably on a large scale, making them promising candidates for sensor development. However, research on MOF-based wearable and PoC sensors remains limited, and no comprehensive review has yet to synthesize the existing knowledge in this area. This review aims to fill that gap by emphasizing the design of materials, fabrication methodologies, sensing mechanisms, device construction, and real-world applicability of these sensors. Additionally, we underscore the importance and potential of MOF-based wearable and PoC sensors for advancing healthcare technologies. In conclusion, this review sheds light on the current state of the art, the challenges faced, and the opportunities ahead in MOF-based wearable and PoC sensing technologies.

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Figures

Figure 4 (A) Stepwise fabrication of CNT/MWCNT/PDMS and (B) fabrication of glucose sensor. (C) Current response obtained using the developed sensor for the detection of glucose in volunteers’ sweat. Reproduced with permission from [66]. (D) Graphical representation of the fabricated headband. (E) Non-enzymatic glucose sensing using the headband. (F) Actual photograph of headband integrated with glucose sensor. (G) Photograph of a volunteer wearing the headband and perspiration analysis using a smartphone. (H) Glucose concentration measured in the perspiration and blood of a human for 10 days. Reproduced with permission from [68].
Figure 4 (A) Stepwise fabrication of CNT/MWCNT/PDMS and (B) fabrication of glucose sensor. (C) Current response obtained using the developed sensor for the detection of glucose in volunteers’ sweat. Reproduced with permission from [66]. (D) Graphical representation of the fabricated headband. (E) Non-enzymatic glucose sensing using the headband. (F) Actual photograph of headband integrated with glucose sensor. (G) Photograph of a volunteer wearing the headband and perspiration analysis using a smartphone. (H) Glucose concentration measured in the perspiration and blood of a human for 10 days. Reproduced with permission from [68].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 1 Graphical representation of properties and applications of MOFs.
Figure 1 Graphical representation of properties and applications of MOFs.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 (A) Scheme for the synthesis of bimetallic MOF and streptavidin-conjugated MOF. (B) Fabrication of flexible and wearable patch sensors. (C) Scheme for the fabrication of a cortisol sensor. (D) Redox peak current changes in the sensor in the presence of hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide for 10 cycles. (E) Cortisol detection in sweat samples (inset: photograph of a volunteer wearing the patch sensor). Reproduced with permission from [55].
Figure 2 (A) Scheme for the synthesis of bimetallic MOF and streptavidin-conjugated MOF. (B) Fabrication of flexible and wearable patch sensors. (C) Scheme for the fabrication of a cortisol sensor. (D) Redox peak current changes in the sensor in the presence of hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide for 10 cycles. (E) Cortisol detection in sweat samples (inset: photograph of a volunteer wearing the patch sensor). Reproduced with permission from [55].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 (A) Graphical representation for the hydrothermal synthesis of CoFe-MOF-CoFe2O4 nanohybrids. (B) Stepwise fabrication of the SARS-CoV-2 sensor and its electrochemical response. Reproduced with permission from [56].
Figure 3 (A) Graphical representation for the hydrothermal synthesis of CoFe-MOF-CoFe2O4 nanohybrids. (B) Stepwise fabrication of the SARS-CoV-2 sensor and its electrochemical response. Reproduced with permission from [56].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 (A) Graphical representation for the stepwise synthesis of GOx/Hemin@NC-ZIF. (B–E) TEM images at different etching times. (F) HAADF and its EDS line scan. (G) EDS mappings for various elements. (H) Relative activities of different electrocatalysts. (I) Photograph of wearable sweatband and its catalytic mechanism toward glucose oxidation along with perspiration analysis on a smartphone display. (J) Relative activities of different electrocatalysts in various reaction conditions. (K) Glucose concentration obtained through perspiration and blood of a human within 14 days. Reproduced with permission from [70].
Figure 5 (A) Graphical representation for the stepwise synthesis of GOx/Hemin@NC-ZIF. (B–E) TEM images at different etching times. (F) HAADF and its EDS line scan. (G) EDS mappings for various elements. (H) Relative activities of different electrocatalysts. (I) Photograph of wearable sweatband and its catalytic mechanism toward glucose oxidation along with perspiration analysis on a smartphone display. (J) Relative activities of different electrocatalysts in various reaction conditions. (K) Glucose concentration obtained through perspiration and blood of a human within 14 days. Reproduced with permission from [70].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Graphical representation of (A) stepwise synthesis of hybridized nanoporous carbon, (B) construction of glucose, lactate, temperature, and pH sensors, and (C–G) stepwise fabrication of the wearable patch sensor and photograph of a volunteer wearing the patch sensor during exercise. Reproduced with permission from [71].
Figure 6 Graphical representation of (A) stepwise synthesis of hybridized nanoporous carbon, (B) construction of glucose, lactate, temperature, and pH sensors, and (C–G) stepwise fabrication of the wearable patch sensor and photograph of a volunteer wearing the patch sensor during exercise. Reproduced with permission from [71].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 (A) Photograph of wearable LD sensor and its electrochemical sensing of LD. (B) Graphical representation of various components of the three-electrode system. (C) Block diagram of the potentiostat. (D–F) Real-time application of the fabricated LD sensor. Reproduced with permission from [77].
Figure 7 (A) Photograph of wearable LD sensor and its electrochemical sensing of LD. (B) Graphical representation of various components of the three-electrode system. (C) Block diagram of the potentiostat. (D–F) Real-time application of the fabricated LD sensor. Reproduced with permission from [77].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 (A) Graphical representation for the synthesis of (A) zinc–glutamate MOF, (B) MXene, and (C) MOF-MXene nanocomposite. (D) Electrochemical sensing of melatonin and its amperometric response. (E) Scheme for the fabrication of band-aid based prototype melatonin sensor. (F) Photograph of prototype sensor connected to the portable potentiostat. (G) Various real samples analyzed. Reproduced with permission from [80].
Figure 8 (A) Graphical representation for the synthesis of (A) zinc–glutamate MOF, (B) MXene, and (C) MOF-MXene nanocomposite. (D) Electrochemical sensing of melatonin and its amperometric response. (E) Scheme for the fabrication of band-aid based prototype melatonin sensor. (F) Photograph of prototype sensor connected to the portable potentiostat. (G) Various real samples analyzed. Reproduced with permission from [80].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 9 (A) Schematic illustration of various components of the sensor and CEES sensing mechanism. (B) Wearable and PoC sensor and potentiometric responses obtained for drinking water and aerosols. (C,D) Potentiometric response obtained for textile-based wearable sensor for various concentrations of Cl ions and CEES. Reproduced with permission from [83].
Figure 9 (A) Schematic illustration of various components of the sensor and CEES sensing mechanism. (B) Wearable and PoC sensor and potentiometric responses obtained for drinking water and aerosols. (C,D) Potentiometric response obtained for textile-based wearable sensor for various concentrations of Cl ions and CEES. Reproduced with permission from [83].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 10 (A) Scheme for the synthesis of MOF@CNTF and (B) electrochemical cell. (C) Photograph of a volunteer wearing the band-based wearable sensor and its components. (D) Potential response and (E) real-time sweat sodium concentrations of two subjects obtained using the wearable sensor. Reproduced with permission from [85].
Figure 10 (A) Scheme for the synthesis of MOF@CNTF and (B) electrochemical cell. (C) Photograph of a volunteer wearing the band-based wearable sensor and its components. (D) Potential response and (E) real-time sweat sodium concentrations of two subjects obtained using the wearable sensor. Reproduced with permission from [85].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 11 (A) Scheme for the synthesis of UC@MAF7. (B) Top view and cross-sectional view of the fabricated sensor. (C) UA sensing mechanism. (D) Schematic illustration of sensor fabrication and sensing mechanism. (E) Schematic representation of top and cross-sectional view of the microfluidic channel and actual photographs of fluids flowing in the microfluidic channel at different time intervals. (F) Photograph of printed circuit board consisting of (1) microcontroller, (2) analog front end, and (3) Bluetooth transceiver along with block diagram of the PCB. (G) Photographs of the subjects wearing the sensor on different parts of the body and UA concentrations measured in 10 volunteers. Reproduced with permission from [86].
Figure 11 (A) Scheme for the synthesis of UC@MAF7. (B) Top view and cross-sectional view of the fabricated sensor. (C) UA sensing mechanism. (D) Schematic illustration of sensor fabrication and sensing mechanism. (E) Schematic representation of top and cross-sectional view of the microfluidic channel and actual photographs of fluids flowing in the microfluidic channel at different time intervals. (F) Photograph of printed circuit board consisting of (1) microcontroller, (2) analog front end, and (3) Bluetooth transceiver along with block diagram of the PCB. (G) Photographs of the subjects wearing the sensor on different parts of the body and UA concentrations measured in 10 volunteers. Reproduced with permission from [86].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 12 Graphical illustration of proposed closed-loop sensing and drug delivery system using MOF-based electrochemical sensors. (A part of this image was designed using icons from www.flaticon.com, accessed on 25 August 2024).
Figure 12 Graphical illustration of proposed closed-loop sensing and drug delivery system using MOF-based electrochemical sensors. (A part of this image was designed using icons from www.flaticon.com, accessed on 25 August 2024).CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Theyagarajan, K., & Kim, Y.-J.
Affiliations
Gachon University (KR)
Corresponding author
Kim, Young-Joon
ORCID
Venue
Biosensors
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-10-10
Volume
14
Issue
10
Pages
492
ISSN
2079-6374 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/bios14100492
PMC
PMC11506055
OpenAlex
W4403304127
Cited by
31
References
86
Citations by year
2026: 16 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 1
FWCI
0.70
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Biosensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2022R1F1A1074346, RS-2024-00433166)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthesis and Applications
Keywords
metal-organic frameworks, wearable sensors, point-of-care testing, electrochemical sensor, remote patient monitoring, early diagnosis, sensor fabrication, sensing mechanism
MeSH terms
Metal-Organic Frameworks, Wearable Electronic Devices, Humans, Monitoring, Physiologic, Biosensing Techniques, Point-of-Care Systems, Electrochemical Techniques

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Theyagarajan, K., & Kim, Y.-J. (2024). Metal Organic Frameworks Based Wearable and Point-of-Care Electrochemical Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring. Biosensors. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14100492

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