CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 735Academic and Historical Perspectives in PsychologyLGBTQ Health, Identity, and PolicyHistorical Psychiatry and Medical Practices

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Out of DSM: Depathologizing Homosexuality

Open access
Drescher, Jack·2015·Behavioral Sciences
DOI 10.3390/bs5040565PMC PMC4695779
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

In 1973, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) removed the diagnosis of “homosexuality” from the second edition of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM). This resulted after comparing competing theories, those that pathologized homosexuality and those that viewed it as normal. In an effort to explain how that decision came about, this paper reviews some historical scientific theories and arguments that first led to the placement of homosexuality in DSM-I and DSM-II as well as alternative theories that eventually led to its removal from DSM III and subsequent editions of the manual. The paper concludes with a discussion of the sociocultural aftermath of that 1973 decision.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/bs5040565

Cites

52 of 52 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 54 references

2 of the 54 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 11

  1. American Psychiatric Association (1968). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Press. [2nd ed.].
  2. American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Press. [3rd ed.].
  3. American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Press. [3rd ed. revised].
  4. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Press. [4th ed.].
  5. Freud, S. (1953 [1905]). Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, Hogarth Press. Standard Edition Volume 7.
  6. DeCecco, J., and Parker, D. (1995). Sex, Cells, and Same-Sex Desire: The Biology of Sexual Preference, Harrington Park Press.
  7. Freud, S. (1955 [1920]). The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman, Hogarth Press. Standard Edition Volume 18.
  8. Freud, E. (1960 [1935]). The Letters of Sigmund Freud, Basic Books.
  9. Mass, L. (1990). Homosexuality and Sexuality: Dialogues of the Sexual Revolution, Harrington Park Press.
  10. Cabaj, R.P., and Stein, T.S. (1996). Textbook of Homosexuality and Mental Health, American Psychiatric Press.
  11. Institute of Medicine (2011). The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding, The National Academies Press.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Drescher, J.
Affiliations
William Alanson White Institute (US)
Corresponding author
Drescher, Jack
ORCID
Drescher, Jack
Venue
Behavioral Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2015-12-04
Volume
5
Issue
4
Pages
565-575
ISSN
2076-328X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/bs5040565
PMC
PMC4695779
OpenAlex
W2183304066
Cited by
735
References
54
Citations by year
2026: 34 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 133 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1
FWCI
78.61
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Behavioral Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › General Psychology › Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical Psychiatry and Medical Practices
Keywords
homosexuality, depathologization, American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-II, DSM-III, history of psychiatry, psychiatric diagnosis, sexual orientation, socio-cultural impacts

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review