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Cited by 19Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsLipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health

Levels of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Apolipoproteins Are Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease and Cardiovascular Diseases

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Xu, Chun, Garcia, Debra, Lu, Yongke, Ozuna, Kaysie, Adjeroh, Donald A., Wang, Kesheng, on behalf of the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative·2021·Cells
DOI 10.3390/cells11010029PMC PMC8744784
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Abstract

Angiotensin-converting enzyme-1 (ACE1) and apolipoproteins (APOs) may play important roles in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This study aimed to examine the associations of AD, CVD, and endocrine-metabolic diseases (EMDs) with the levels of ACE1 and 9 APO proteins (ApoAI, ApoAII, ApoAIV, ApoB, ApoCI, ApoCIII, ApoD, ApoE, and ApoH). Non-Hispanic white individuals including 109 patients with AD, 356 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 373 CVD, 198 EMD and controls were selected from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset. Multivariable general linear model (GLM) was used to examine the associations. ApoE ε4 allele was associated with AD, as well as ApoAIV, ApoB and ApoE proteins, but not associated with CVD and EMD. Both AD and CVD were associated with levels of ACE1, ApoB, and ApoH proteins. AD, MCI and EMD were associated with levels of ACE1, ApoAII, and ApoE proteins. This is the first study to report associations of ACE1 and several APO proteins with AD, MCI, CVD and EMD, respectively, including upregulated and downregulated protein levels. In conclusion, as specific or shared biomarkers, the levels of ACE1 and APO proteins are implicated for AD, CVD, EMD and ApoE ε4 allele. Further studies are required for validation to establish reliable biomarkers for these health conditions.

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Xu, C., Garcia, D., Lu, Y., Ozuna, K., Adjeroh, D. A., Wang, K., & Initiative, O. B. O. T. A. D. N.
Affiliations
  • The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (US)
  • Marshall University (US)
  • West Virginia University (US)
Corresponding author
  • Xu, Chun
  • Wang, Kesheng
ORCID
Venue
Cells
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-12-23
Volume
11
Issue
1
Pages
29
ISSN
2073-4409 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/cells11010029
PMC
PMC8744784
OpenAlex
W4200480175
Cited by
19
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1
FWCI
2.33
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cells (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ScholarWorks @ UTRGV (The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Defense (U01 AG024904, W81XWH, W81XWH-12-2-, W81XWH1220012, AG024904)
  • Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01AG024904, Grant U01 AG024904, AG024904)
  • Alzheimer's Association (U01 AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012)
  • Bristol-Myers Squibb (U01 AG024904, AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012)
  • Eli Lilly and Company (U01 AG024904, AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012)
  • Pfizer (AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01 AG024904)
  • Biogen (W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01 AG024904, AG024904)
  • University of Southern California (W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01 AG024904)
  • F. Hoffmann-La Roche (W81XWH-12-2-0012, AG024904, U01 AG024904)
  • Meso Scale Diagnostics (U01 AG024904, AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012)
  • Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (W81XWH-12-2–0012, U01AG024904, AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-, Department of Defense award number W81XWH-12-2-0012)
  • BioClinica (U01 AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012, AG024904)
  • Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01 AG024904, AG024904)
  • Northern California Institute for Research and Education (U01 AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012)
  • Eisai (W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01 AG024904, AG024904)
  • Servier (AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01 AG024904)
  • H. Lundbeck A/S (U01 AG024904, AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012)
  • IXICO (AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01 AG024904)
  • National Institutes of Health (3u01ag024904-10s2, W81XWH, W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01-AG024904, Grant U01 AG024904, AG024904)
  • Genentech (W81XWH-12-2-0012, AG024904, U01 AG024904)
  • Canadian Institutes of Health Research (U01 AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012)
  • National Institute on Aging (U01-AG-024904, W81XWH-12-2–0012, AG 024904)
  • National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01 AG024904, AG024904)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Keywords
angiotensin-converting enzyme, apolipoproteins, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, endocrine and metabolic diseases, mild cognitive impairment, APOE ε4, apolipoprotein B, beta2-glycoprotein I, biomarkers, protein abundance
MeSH terms
Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Apolipoproteins, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Humans, Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Cluster Analysis, Linear Models

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