Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer disease — one peptide, two pathways

Greenberg, Steven M.; Bacskai, Brian J.; Hernandez-Guillamon, Mar; Pruzin, Jeremy; Sperling, Reisa; van Veluw, Susanne J.

doi:10.1038/s41582-019-0281-2

Cited by 953Alzheimer's disease research and treatmentsIntracerebral and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ResearchCerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer disease — one peptide, two pathways

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Greenberg, Steven M., Bacskai, Brian J., Hernandez-Guillamon, Mar, Pruzin, Jeremy, Sperling, Reisa, van Veluw, Susanne J.·2020·Nature Reviews Neurology

DOI 10.1038/s41582-019-0281-2PMC PMC7268202

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Abstract

The shared role of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and Alzheimer disease (AD) is arguably the clearest instance of crosstalk between neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular processes. The pathogenic pathways of CAA and AD intersect at the levels of Aβ generation, its circulation within the interstitial fluid and perivascular drainage pathways and its brain clearance, but diverge in their mechanisms of brain injury and disease presentation. Here, we review the evidence for and the pathogenic implications of interactions between CAA and AD. Both pathologies seem to be driven by impaired Aβ clearance, creating conditions for a self-reinforcing cycle of increased vascular Aβ, reduced perivascular clearance and further CAA and AD progression. Despite the close relationship between vascular and plaque Aβ deposition, several factors favour one or the other, such as the carboxy-terminal site of the peptide and specific co-deposited proteins. Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities that have been seen in trials of anti-Aβ immunotherapy are another probable intersection between CAA and AD, representing overload of perivascular clearance pathways and the effects of removing Aβ from CAA-positive vessels. The intersections between CAA and AD point to a crucial role for improving vascular function in the treatment of both diseases and indicate the next steps necessary for identifying therapies.

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Brains from COVID patients also show ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions, as well as microglial activation, which can be seen in many AD patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
“Additionally, brains from COVID patients also show ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions, as well as microglial activation [79], which can be seen in many AD patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy [80].”
From What would it take to prove that a chronic infection is a causal agent in Alzheimer’s disease? (2025) · cites this paper as [80]
The “Brain injury in CAA and AD” section describes hemorrhagic and presumed ischemic CAA-related lesions and says CAA and AD frequently co-occur. It does not establish microglial activation as a common feature in these patients; instead, it says inflammation does not seem to be a major component of CAA-related microhemorrhage or microinfarction, apart from an autoimmune subtype. The COVID-patient findings are cited separately to [79], not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Vascular deposits of Aβ peptides (amyloid angiopathy) are increasingly recognized as a common pathology in Alzheimer's disease cases.
“Recently, vascular deposits of Aβ peptides (amyloid angiopathy) are increasingly recognized as a common pathology in AD cases, supporting that Aβ peptides circulate within the interstitial fluid, including CSF, and blood vessels through perivascular (e.g. lymphatic) drainage pathways during the crosstalk between the brain and the vascular system [77].”
From Integrated analysis of ultra-deep proteomes in cortex, cerebrospinal fluid and serum reveals a mitochondrial signature in Alzheimer’s disease (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
Aβ peptides circulate within the interstitial fluid, including CSF, and blood vessels through perivascular drainage pathways during brain-vascular crosstalk.
“Recently, vascular deposits of Aβ peptides (amyloid angiopathy) are increasingly recognized as a common pathology in AD cases, supporting that Aβ peptides circulate within the interstitial fluid, including CSF, and blood vessels through perivascular (e.g. lymphatic) drainage pathways during the crosstalk between the brain and the vascular system [77].”
From Integrated analysis of ultra-deep proteomes in cortex, cerebrospinal fluid and serum reveals a mitochondrial signature in Alzheimer’s disease (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
Inflammation does not seem to be a major component in CAA-related microhemorrhage or microinfarction, with the exception of a rare clinical subtype: CAA-related inflammation.
“Inflammation does, however, not seem to be a major component in CAA-related microhemorrhage or microinfarction [38], with the exception of a rare clinical subtype: CAA-related inflammation [6].”
From Cerebrospinal fluid levels of the neurotrophic factor neuroleukin are increased in early Alzheimer’s disease, but not in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
AQP4 plays a vital role in glymphatic Aβ clearance in AD brain parenchyma.
“AQP4 levels are reduced in CAA; since AQP4 plays a vital role in glymphatic Aβ clearance in AD brain parenchyma, this consequently impairs Aβ clearance [606, 608].”
From Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (2020) · cites this paper as [608]

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Role of Inflammatory Processes in Hemorrhagic Stroke
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Relationship Between Amyloid-β Deposition and Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease
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Aducanumab: Appropriate Use Recommendations Update
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Progression of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a pathophysiological framework
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Role of Aducanumab in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: Challenges and Opportunities
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“ARIAs are abnormal findings detected in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and can present as brain edema or sulcal effusions (ARIA-E) and as intracerebral hemorrhage often accompanied by superficial hemosiderin deposits (ARIA-H).(52) Although the mechanism leading to ARIA remains not fully understood, studies sug…”
Background
Amyloid-Related Imaging Abnormalities With Donanemab in Early Symptomatic Alzheimer Disease
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APOE immunotherapy reduces cerebral amyloid angiopathy and amyloid plaques while improving cerebrovascular function
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Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Normal Aging and Neurodegeneration: Mechanisms, Impact, and Treatments
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Detection and Management of Amyloid-Related Imaging Abnormalities in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease Treated with Anti-Amyloid Beta Therapy
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Past, present and future role of retinal imaging in neurodegenerative disease
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Recent advances in the modeling of Alzheimer’s disease
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Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
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Amyloid-Related Imaging Abnormalities With Anti-amyloid Antibodies for the Treatment of Dementia Due to Alzheimer's Disease
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Association Between Immunosuppressive Treatment and Outcomes of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy–Related Inflammation
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Amyloid-Related Imaging Abnormalities with Emerging Alzheimer Disease Therapeutics: Detection and Reporting Recommendations for Clinical Practice
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The Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease
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Natural Compounds as Inhibitors of Aβ Peptide Aggregation: Chemical Requirements and Molecular Mechanisms
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Klotho overexpression improves amyloid‐β clearance and cognition in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
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Pathological changes within the cerebral vasculature in Alzheimer’s disease: New perspectives
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Living on the Edge of the CNS: Meninges Cell Diversity in Health and Disease
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Senescence, brain inflammation, and oligomeric tau drive cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from clinical and preclinical studies
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Antiamyloid Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Alzheimer Disease
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The Interstitial System of the Brain in Health and Disease
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Current Understanding of the Physiopathology, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease
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Scopoletin: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity
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Brain‐Penetration and Neuron‐Targeting DNA Nanoflowers Co‐Delivering miR‐124 and Rutin for Synergistic Therapy of Alzheimer's Disease
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Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology in the Retina
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The blood–brain barrier: a help and a hindrance
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Alzheimer Disease Anti-Amyloid Immunotherapies: Imaging Recommendations and Practice Considerations for Monitoring of Amyloid-Related Imaging Abnormalities
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Amyloid-Related Imaging Abnormalities: An Update
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A human antibody selective for transthyretin amyloid removes cardiac amyloid through phagocytic immune cells
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Aβ plaques
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The pathobiology of neurovascular aging
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The relationship between amyloid-beta and brain capillary endothelial cells in Alzheimer’s disease
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Amyloid-related Imaging Abnormalities in Alzheimer Disease Treated with Anti–Amyloid-β Therapy
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Alzheimer’s disease – the journey of a healthy brain into organ failure
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Brain injury-induced dysfunction of the blood brain barrier as a risk for dementia
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Overview of ADNI MRI
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Microvascular Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease
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“The mechanisms of amyloid accumulation in the vascular wall have not been fully elucidated, but a leading hypothesis implicates alterations in the vascular clearance of Aβ [2].”
Influential
Lecanemab for early Alzheimer's disease: Appropriate use recommendations from the French federation of memory clinics
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Cerebral amyloid angiopathy interacts with neuritic amyloid plaques to promote tau and cognitive decline
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Lecanemab (Leqembi) is not the right drug for patients with Alzheimer’s disease
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Alzheimer's Association clinical practice guideline for the Diagnostic Evaluation, Testing, Counseling, and Disclosure of Suspected Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (DETeCD‐ADRD): Executive summary of recommendations for primary care
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Clearance of interstitial fluid (ISF) and CSF (CLIC) group—part of Vascular Professional Interest Area (PIA)
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Authors: Greenberg, S. M., Bacskai, B. J., Hernandez-Guillamon, M., Pruzin, J., Sperling, R., & van Veluw, S. J.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Greenberg, Steven M.
ORCID: Greenberg, Steven M.
Bacskai, Brian J.
Pruzin, Jeremy
Sperling, Reisa
Venue: Nature Reviews Neurology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2019-12-11
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 30-42
ISSN: 1759-4758 (ISSN-L)
1759-4766
DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0281-2
PMC: PMC7268202
OpenAlex: W2995183059
Cited by: 947
References: 232
Citations by year: 2026: 146 · 2025: 198 · 2024: 179 · 2023: 154 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 52
FWCI: 7.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Nature Reviews Neurology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (R01AG026484)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (RF1NS110054, R01NS096730, U24NS100591)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Intracerebral and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
Keywords: cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-beta, amyloid-beta clearance, amyloid-related imaging abnormalities, anti-amyloid immunotherapy, vascular function
MeSH terms: Alzheimer Disease, Brain, Humans, Signal Transduction, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, Plaque, Amyloid

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