Stress–Strain State and Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams with Basalt, Steel, and Polypropylene Fibers

May combine two claims.

At loads around 20÷70 kN, the creep indicators in steel fiber concrete were lower than in concrete without fibers, increasing the internal resistance of the structure.

“It was found that at loads around 20÷70 kN, the creep indicators in steel fiber concrete were lower than in concrete without fibers, increasing the internal resistance of the structure.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The measuring device installed along the inclined section accurately measures relative deformations of concrete.

May combine two claims.

At 60 kN, the creep in BO-0 was 2.1 mm, in BS30-0.1 it was 1.4 mm, in BP30-0.3 it was 1.9 mm, and in BS30-0.2 it was 1.7 mm.

“For example, at 60 kN, the creep in BO-0 was 2.1 mm, while in BS30-0.1 it was 1.4 mm, in BP30-0.3 it was 1.9 mm, and in BS30-0.2 it was 1.7 mm (Figure 15).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The measuring device installed along the inclined section accurately measures relative deformations of concrete.

May combine two claims.

Basalt fiber-reinforced concrete specimens had tensile strengths of 2.66-2.89 MPa compared to 2.21 MPa in plain concrete, and the improvement in BB10-0.2 was 30.8%.

“The tensile strength had risen to 2.66-2.89Mpa in basalt fiber specimens as compared to 2.21 Mpa in plain concrete and the improvement in BB10-0.2 was 30.8%.”

• Also stated in: § Abstract · plain

  “Basalt fibers enhanced compressive strength by up to 20.8 percent and tensile strength by 30.8 percent, whereas steel fibers had the best flexural strength with a maximum compressive and bending strength of 47.2 MPa and 6.56 MPa, respectively, at optimum dosage.”

May combine two claims.

In BP10-0.3, the normal cracking moment was 3.92 kN m and the transverse force causing oblique cracking was 38.28 kN.

“In the BP10-0.3sample, the moment causing normal cracks was 3.92 kN•m, and the transverse force causing oblique cracks was 38.28 kN.”

May combine two claims.

The deformations of the concrete along the inclined section did not have large values at the initial stages of loading, and their change increased almost linearly.

“The deformations of the concrete along the inclined section did not have large values at the initial stages of loading, and their change increased almost linearly.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The measuring device installed along the inclined section accurately measures relative deformations of concrete.

May combine two claims.

Basalt fiber-reinforced concrete specimens had flexural strengths of 5.49-5.81 MPa compared to 4.41 MPa in control, an increment of 25-32%.

“It also enhanced flexural strength, which was 4.41 Mpa in the control and 5.49-5.81Mpa in the basalt fiber specimen, which is an increment of 25 to 32 percent.”

May combine two claims.

In BP10-0.2, the normal cracking moment was 3.99 kN m and the transverse force causing oblique cracking was 41.14 kN, 48% higher in moment and 28% higher in shear force than the BO beam.

“In the BP10-0.2beam, the moment causing normal cracking was 3.99 kN m and the transverse force causing oblique cracking was 41.14 kN, which means that it is 48% higher in moment and 28% higher in shear force than the BO beam.”

May combine two claims.

In BP30-0.1, the normal cracking moment was 4.01 kN m and the transverse force causing oblique cracks was 40.49 kN, increases of 49% and 25% compared to the plain beam.

“In the BP30-0.1 sample, the normal cracking moment was 4.01 kN m, and the transverse force causing oblique cracks was 40.49kN.These results show an increase of 49% and 25%, respectively, compared to the plain beam.”

May combine two claims.

Control reinforced concrete beams without fibers formed diagonal cracks mainly around supports at a 45° angle and collapsed abruptly in a brittle fashion at maximum load with little post-cracking strength.

“The diagonal cracks that formed in the control reinforced concrete beam with no fibers were mainly formed in the areas surrounding the supports and extended at a 45 ° angle.At the point of the maximum load, these beams collapsed abruptly in a brittle fashion, which meant that they had very little post-cracking strength.”

May combine two claims.

In BS30-1.0, the normal cracking moment was 4.60 kN m and the transverse force causing oblique cracks was 52.59 kN, increases of approximately 71% and 63% compared to the normal beam.

“In the steel fiber reinforced beams, i.e., in the BS30-1.0sample, the normal cracking moment was 4.60 kN m, and the transverse force causing oblique cracks was 52.59 kN.These results show an increase of approximately 71% and 63%, respectively, compared to the normal beam.”

May combine two claims.

Fiber-reinforced beams with basalt, polypropylene, or steel fibers limited crack initiation and propagation, reduced crack width and spacing, slowed failure, and retained load-bearing capacity after diagonal cracks developed.

“The inclusion of fibers was key in limiting the crack initiation and propagation by limiting the widening of cracks, decreasing the separation between the cracks and slowing down the general failure.This made fiber-reinforced beams retain some amount of load bearing capacity despite development of diagonal cracks.”

May combine two claims.

Residual tensile strength of basalt fiber specimens was 1.16-1.29 MPa for 10 mm fibers and 1.19-1.32 MPa for 30 mm fibers.

“Remaining tensile strength of 10 mm specimens with basalt fibers (basalt fibers) was between 1.16 and 1.29 Mpa and 1.19 and 1.32 Mpa in 30 mm fiber specimens.”

May combine two claims.

At the loading stage of 130÷140 kN, the deflection in BS30-3.0 was 8.8 mm, in BS30-2.0 it was 7.5 mm, and in BS30-1.0 it was 8.8 mm.

“At this loading stage, the deflection in BS30-3.0 was 8.8 mm, in BS30-2.0 it was 7.5 mm, and in BS30-1.0 it was 8.8 mm.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The measuring device installed along the inclined section accurately measures relative deformations of concrete.

May combine two claims.

Basalt fiber-reinforced concrete specimens had compressive strengths of 39.8-41.8 MPa, with the greatest strength 41.8 MPa, a 20.8% improvement over control.

“In compressive strength, control specimen (BO) had a compressive strength of 34.6 Mpa with the basalt fiber reinforced specifications of 39.8-41.8Mpa with the greatest strength of 41.8 Mpa which is a 20.8 percentage improvement.”

• Also stated in: § Abstract · plain

  “Basalt fibers enhanced compressive strength by up to 20.8 percent and tensile strength by 30.8 percent, whereas steel fibers had the best flexural strength with a maximum compressive and bending strength of 47.2 MPa and 6.56 MPa, respectively, at optimum dosage.”

May combine two claims.

In BP30-0.2, the normal cracking moment was 3.87 kN m and the transverse force causing oblique cracks was 39.10 kN.

“In the BP30-0.2,these figures were 3.87 kN m and 39.10 kN, while in the BP30-0.3they were 3.81 kN m and 38.56 kN.”

May combine two claims.

Polypropylene fiber-reinforced concrete BP10-0.1 and BP10-0.2 had compressive strengths of 38.6 and 39.9 MPa, respectively.

“Compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of BP10-0.1 and BP10-0.2 were 38.6 and 39.9 Mpa, 2.71 and 2.76 Mpa and 1.12-1.25 times greater than plain concrete respectively.”

May combine two claims.

At breaking force 140÷150 kN, the relative deformations in steel fiber reinforced concrete samples were: BS30-1.0: ɛfb=(50÷60)•10−4, BS30-2.0: ɛfb=(35÷50)•10−4, BS30-3.0: ɛfb=(65÷70)•10−4.

“In the BS30-1.0series sample, the relative deformation reached ɛfb=(50÷60)•10⁻⁴, in the BS30-2.0series sample, the relative deformation reached ɛfb=(35÷50)•10⁻⁴, and in the BS30-3.0series sample, the relative deformation reached ɛfb=(65÷70)•10⁻⁴.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The measuring device installed along the inclined section accurately measures relative deformations of concrete.

May combine two claims.

The highest compressive, tensile, and flexural performances were found among steel fiber-reinforced specimens, then basalt fiber and polypropylene fiber specimens.

“All in all, the highest results of compressive, tensile, and flexural performances were found among steel fiber-reinforced specimens, then basalt fiber and polypropylene fiber specimens.”

• Also stated in: § Abstract · plain

  “Basalt fibers enhanced compressive strength by up to 20.8 percent and tensile strength by 30.8 percent, whereas steel fibers had the best flexural strength with a maximum compressive and bending strength of 47.2 MPa and 6.56 MPa, respectively, at optimum dosage.Polypropylene fibers also improved performance, but in a lesser manner.”

May combine two claims.

Polypropylene fibers limited the width of the cracks and reduced the number and size of cracks on the surface of the beam.

“Polypropylene fibers limited the width of the cracks and reduced the number and size of cracks on the surface of the beam.”

May combine two claims.

In BS30-3.0, the normal cracking moment was 4.71 kN m and the transverse force causing oblique cracks was 48.62 kN; the high efficiency achieved at 2.0% fiber content was slightly reduced at 3.0%.

“In the BS30-3.0beam, the normal cracking moment was 4.71 kN m, and the transverse force causing oblique cracks was 48.62 kN, i.e., the high efficiency achieved with a fiber content increased to 2.0% was slightly reduced at 3.0%.”

May combine two claims.

In BS30-2.0, the normal cracking moment was 5.0 kN m and the transverse force causing oblique cracks was 54.42 kN, increases of 86% in normal cracking moment and 69% in shear force compared to the BO beam.

“In the BS30-2.0beam, the normal cracking moment increased further to 5.0 kN m, and the transverse force causing oblique cracks was 54.42 kN.These figures show an increase of 86% in normal cracking moment and 69% in shear force compared to the BO beam.”

May combine two claims.

When the breaking force reached 60 kN, the deflection in the BS30-3.0 sample reached 1.8 mm, in BS30-2.0 it was 1.5 mm, in BS30-1.0 it was 1.5 mm, and in BO-0 it was 2.1 mm.

“When the value of the breaking force reached 60 kN, the deflection in the BS30-3.0sample reached 1.8 mm, while in BS30-2.0 it was 1.5 mm, in BS30-1.0 it was 1.5 mm, and in BO-0 it was 2.1 mm.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The measuring device installed along the inclined section accurately measures relative deformations of concrete.

May combine two claims.

In BP10-0.1, the normal cracking moment was 3.80 kN m and the transverse force causing oblique cracking was 38.05 kN, increases of 41% and 18% compared to the ordinary beam.

“In the BP10-0.1 sample, the moment causing normal cracking was 3.80 kN m, and the transverse force causing oblique cracking was 38.05 kN.These indicators indicate an increase of 41% and 18%, respectively, compared to the ordinary beam.”

May combine two claims.

At 25 kN, the deflection in the BS30-3.0 sample was 0.470 mm, in BS30-2.0 it was 0.418 mm, in BS30-1.0 it was 0.38 mm, and in BO-0 it was 0.3 mm.

“For example, at 25 kN, the deflection in the BS30-3.0sample was 0.470 mm, while in the BS30-2.0 it was 0.418 mm, in the BS30-1.0 it was 0.38 mm, and in the BO-0 it was 0.3 mm (Figure 14).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The measuring device installed along the inclined section accurately measures relative deformations of concrete.

May combine two claims.

Polypropylene fiber-reinforced concrete BP10-0.1 and BP10-0.2 had tensile strengths of 2.71 and 2.76 MPa, respectively.

“Compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of BP10-0.1 and BP10-0.2 were 38.6 and 39.9 Mpa, 2.71 and 2.76 Mpa and 1.12-1.25 times greater than plain concrete respectively.”

May combine two claims.

In BP30-0.3, the normal cracking moment was 3.81 kN m and the transverse force causing oblique cracks was 38.56 kN.

“In the BP30-0.2,these figures were 3.87 kN m and 39.10 kN, while in the BP30-0.3they were 3.81 kN m and 38.56 kN.”

May combine two claims.

At a load of nearly 50-60% of the final load, control beam crack width was approximately 0.37 mm; polypropylene and basalt fiber-reinforced beams had crack widths about 0.20 mm; steel fiber-reinforced beams had the lowest crack widths about 0.15 mm.

“At a load of nearly 50÷60 percent of the final load, the width of the cracks in the control beams was approximately 0.37 mm.Comparatively, both polypropylene and basalt fiber reinforced beam types recorded low crack widths of about 0.20 mm and steel fiber-reinforced beam types had the lowest crack widths of about 0.15 mm.”

May combine two claims.

The reinforced concrete of basalt fiber was tested to reveal the significant growth of compressive and tensile strength, and the best indicators were recorded at 0.2 percent of fiber content and 10 mm length.

“The reinforced concrete of basalt fiber was tested to reveal the significant growth of compressive and tensile strength, and the best indicators were recorded at 0.2 percent of fiber content and 10 mm length.”

May combine two claims.

In fiber-reinforced concrete beams with the addition of fibers, cracks along the oblique section developed at a small angle, their width became smaller, and they spread in the form of several diagonal lines.

“In fiber-reinforced concrete beams with the addition of fibers, cracks along the oblique section developed at a small angle, their width became smaller, and they spread in the form of several diagonal lines.”

May combine two claims.

In beams reinforced with polypropylene fibers, the load-bearing capacity increased by 9.4÷14.9%, and in beams reinforced with steel fibers by 27.3÷39.5%.

“In beams reinforced with polypropylene fibers, this indicator increased by 9.4÷14.9%,and in beams reinforced with steel fibers -by 27.3÷39.5%.”

May combine two claims.

All of fiber-reinforced concrete specimens had better compressive, tensile and flexural strengths, better crack control and post-cracking properties when compared to the control beams.

“All of fiber-reinforced concrete specimens had better compressive, tensile and flexural strengths, better crack control and post-cracking properties when compared to the control beams.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Fibers are crack-bridging fibers that inhibit crack generation and propagation, and increase the overall structure performance of members made of concrete.

May combine two claims.

According to the results of scientific research, transverse failure in beams with dispersed reinforcement with steel, basalt, and polypropylene fibers occurs later, and the cracks develop at a smaller angle and more slowly.

“According to the results of scientific research, transverse failure in beams with dispersed reinforcement with steel, basalt, and polypropylene fibers occurs later, and the cracks develop at a smaller angle and more slowly.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The transverse failure occurs mainly due to the formation and development of diagonal cracks in the internal structure of concrete as a result of increased transverse forces or large moments in the beam.

May combine two claims.

Polypropylene fibers add to better mechanical properties and crack management but at a slightly lower extent than basalt and steel fibers.

“Polypropylene fibers were also known to add to better mechanical properties and crack management but at a slightly lower extent than basalt and steel fibers.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Fibers are crack-bridging fibers that inhibit crack generation and propagation, and increase the overall structure performance of members made of concrete.

May combine two claims.

In samples with the addition of polypropylene and basalt fibers, the crack width at 50÷60% breaking load was 0.2 mm, and in samples reinforced with steel fibers it was 0.15 mm.

“For comparison, in samples with the addition of polypropylene and basalt fibers, this indicator was 0.2 mm, and in samples reinforced with steel fibers -0.15 mm.”

May combine two claims.

The addition of steel, basalt and glass fibers to ordinary reinforced concrete beams effectively resisted the propagation of diagonal and normal cracks in the samples, increased the number of cracks and reduced the distance between the cracks.

“It was found that the addition of steel, basalt and glass fibers to ordinary reinforced concrete beams effectively resisted the propagation of diagonal and normal cracks in the samples, increased the number of cracks and reduced the distance between the cracks.”

May combine two claims.

In the BB10-0.1 sample, the initial crack in the oblique section occurred at Qcrc=41.97 kN; in the BB10-0.1 sample at Qcrc=42.12 kN; and in the BB10-0.1 sample at Qcrc=39.06 kN.

“while in the BB10-0.1 sample it occurred at Qcrc=41.97 kN, in the BB10-0.1 sample it occurred at Qcrc=42.12 kN and in the BB10-0.1 sample it occurred at Qcrc=39.06 kN.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The measuring device installed along the inclined section accurately measures relative deformations of concrete.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Steel fibers can corrode in harsh conditions, affecting long-term durability unless proper protection is provided.

“But steel fibers can be easily corroded in harsh conditions and as such, long life durability can be affected unless proper protection is provided [19].”

• cites [19] Liu, 2025, Performance of red mud concrete reinforced with single and hybrid Polyvinyl alcohol and Basalt fibers, J. Build. Eng. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

Three beam specimens were cast for each fiber length and dosage combination in the basalt and polypropylene series.

“For each fiber length and dosage, three beam specimens were cast, resulting in a total of 18 basalt fiber-reinforced concrete beams.”

• Also stated in: § 2.1. Construction of the Testing Samples · plain

  “Similarly, three beam specimens were prepared for each combination, yielding a total of 18 polypropylene fiber-reinforced concrete beams.”

May combine two claims.

Fibers change the tensile characteristics of concrete, crack spacing, and width, and influence the stress transfer process between concrete and steel reinforcement.

“The fibers change the tensile characteristics of concrete, crack spacing, and width, as well as influence the stress transfer process between concrete and steel reinforcement [34].”

• cites [34] Azandariani, 2023, Mechanical properties of polyolefin and polypropylene fibers-reinforced concrete–An experimental study, Compos. Part C Open Access sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The majority of current studies are either on a single type of fiber or examine fibers under different environmental conditions, concrete compositions, reinforcement configurations, or loading configurations.

“Although there has been an extensive amount of literature on fiber-reinforced concrete, the majority of current studies are either on a single type of fiber or examine fibers under different environmental conditions, including the different concrete compositions, reinforcement configurations, or loading configurations [28].”

• cites [28] He, 2025, Flexural performance of steel fiber reinforced MPCC beams: Experimental study and theoretical analysis, Eng. Struct. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Basalt fibers ensured that the stresses during bending did not accumulate at one point, reducing the formation of microcracks.

“Basalt fibers ensured that the stresses during bending did not accumulate at one point, reducing the formation of microcracks.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Concrete specimens were cast with the same batch of concrete used on the experimental beams.

“According to the demands of [36], physical and mechanical properties of the concrete were carried out based on standard cube, prism and cylinder specimens casted with the same batch of concrete used on the experimental beams.”

• cites [36] (2017). Fiber Reinforced Concrete Structures and Precast Products with Non-Steel Fibers. Design Rules (Standard No. DR297.1325800.2017).Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Three beam specimens were prepared for each steel fiber content.

“For each fiber content, three beam specimens were prepared, resulting in a total of 9 steel fiber-reinforced concrete beams.”

May combine two claims.

Basalt fibers have high tensile strength, relatively high elastic modulus, high thermal stability, and high resistance to chemical attack and corrosion.

“Basalt fibers have great tensile strength, comparatively high elastic modulus, high thermal stability, and high resistance to chemical attack and corrosion [24].”

• cites [24] Mashayekhi, 2025, Shear performance of fibre-reinforced seawater sea-sand concrete–fibre hybridization and synergy effects, Constr. Build. Mater. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Beam specimens were constructed with the exact geometry, the same reinforcement plan, the same concrete mixture, and the same curing conditions to ensure effective direct comparison.

“The beam specimens are constructed with the exact geometry, the same reinforcement plan, the same concrete mixture, and the same curing conditions to make sure that the direct comparison is effective.”

May combine two claims.

Dispersed fibers are randomly placed throughout the concrete volume and interact with micro- and macrocracks at various loading stages.

“In contrast to the traditional reinforcement bars that work at the macro-scale only, the dispersed fibers are in place at random all through the concrete volume and the interaction with micro-and macrocracks at various loading stages takes place [12].”

• cites [12] Shyamala, 2022, Impact of reinforcement and geometry of deep beam–Research perspective, Mater. Today Proc. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Polypropylene fibers are chemically inert and corrosion resistant, making them appealing for durability and long-term performance.

“The polypropylene fibers are especially appealing to use where durability and long-term performance become a major concern owing to their chemical inertness and resistance to corrosion [23].”

• cites [23] Yang, 2024, Shear behavior of regular oriented steel fiber-reinforced concrete beams reinforced with glass fiber polymer (GFRP) bars, Structures sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Basalt and polypropylene fibers were effective in restricting crack growth, but their efficiency to control cracks was slightly lower than steel fibers.

“The basalt and polypropylene fibers also were effective in restrictions of crack growth, but the efficiency of the polypropylene and basalt fibers to control crack was a little lower than the steel fibers.”

May combine two claims.

Conventional reinforced concrete beams have shortcomings under bending moments, including premature tensile cracking, high crack growth rate, low post-cracking stiffness, and relatively brittle failure after tensile reinforcement yields.

“Although they are widely used, conventional reinforced concrete beams have a number of shortcomings inherent to them at the time when they are under bending moments [2].These shortcomings consist of premature tensile cracking, high rate of crack growth, low post tensile cracking hardness and comparatively brittle failure behavior after tensile reinforcement yields [3].”

• cites [2] Hassan, 2025, Effect of basalt macro fiber on shear strength of high-strength concrete beams with web openings: A finite element parametric study, Case Stud. Constr. Mater.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [3] Liu, 2022, Experimental study on the mechanical behaviour of short chopped basalt fibre reinforced concrete beams, Structures sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Basalt fibers have less environmental impact in production than synthetic fibers.

“In addition, they have less environmental effects in their production as opposed to synthetic fibers and are therefore environmentally friendly [25].”

• cites [25] Mirzaaghabeik, 2025, Impact of geometrical dimensions on the shear behaviour of UHPC deep beams reinforced with steel and synthetic fibres, Structures sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Polypropylene fibers improve deformation capacity and post-cracking performance in flexural members, although their ultimate strength is usually small.

“The benefit of PP fibers is that in flexural members, the deformation capacity and post-cracking performance are improved, although their ultimate strength is usually small [22].”

• cites [22] Esakki, A.K.D.K., Dev, S.K.A., Gomathy, T., and Chella Gifta, C. (Mater. Today Proc., 2023). Influence of adding steel–glass–polypropylene fibers on the strength and flexural behaviour of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete, Mater. Today Proc., in press. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Steel fibers offer good crack-bridging behavior, increasing post-cracking stiffness and residual strength.

“They offer good crack-bridging behavior, and consequently, increase in stiffness during post-cracking stage and great increase in residual strength [18].”

• cites [18] Zhou, 2025, Experimental and modelling investigation of stress-strain behavior of basalt fiber-reinforced coral aggregate concrete under uniaxial and triaxial compression, Constr. Build. Mater. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Basalt fiber has shown potential in reinforced concrete beams for better crack control, flexural behavior, and post-cracking behavior.

“Basalt fiber has shown potential in reinforced concrete beam as a promising tool on better control of cracks, better flexural behaviors and post cracking behaviors [26].”

• cites [26] Yu, 2022, Experimental study on shear performance of basalt fiber concrete beams without web reinforcement, Case Stud. Constr. Mater. sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

May combine two claims.

The tensile strength of concrete is very low, making the tensile zone of a reinforced concrete beam especially susceptible to flexural loading.

“The tensile strength of concrete is very low and therefore the tensile zone of a reinforced concrete beam is especially susceptible to flexural loading [5].”

• cites [5] Zheng, 2022, A review of the mechanical properties and durability of basalt fiber-reinforced concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The concrete specimens were tested at 28 days both prior to testing the experimental beams and by the time all beam tests were completed.

“The tests to be measured on the concrete specimens were performed at the age of 28 days-both prior to testing of the experimental beams and by the time of all beam tests being completed.”

May combine two claims.

Steel fibers have high tensile strength and great elastic modulus, making them effective especially in flexural strength and load bearing.

“Steel fibers are commonly described in terms of high tensile strength and great elastic modulus that makes them effective especially in flexural strength as well as load bearing [16,17].”

• cites [16] Shabani, 2025, Flexural and serviceability behaviour of macro-synthetic fibre-reinforced concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars, Constr. Build. Mater. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [17] Lang, 2025, Flexural performance of basalt fiber reinforced recycled aggregate concrete subjected to sulfate corrosion, Case Stud. Constr. Mater. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Fibers continued to carry loads even after crack formation, increasing concrete strength in initial crack formation.

“The fibers continued to carry loads even after the formation of cracks, that is, they increased the strength of concrete in the initial crack formation.”

May combine two claims.

Steel fibers act as bridges on crack surfaces and effectively resist crack expansion because they have high modulus of elasticity and tensile strength.

“Since steel fibers have a high modulus of elasticity and tensile strength, they act as bridges on the surface of cracks and effectively resist the expansion of cracks.”

May combine two claims.

Traditional RC beams have a sharp transition between elastic and cracked phases, limited energy dissipation capacity, and can collapse abruptly.

“In addition, its stress-strain behavior of the traditional RC beams is that the transition between elastic and cracked phases is sharp and the beam has limited energy dissipation capacity and collapses abruptly in some situations [8].”

• cites [8] Jiang, 2014, Experimental study on the mechanical properties and microstructure of chopped basalt fibre reinforced concrete, Mater. Des. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Fiber addition reduced the width of cracks and retarded crack propagation, thus enhancing load-bearing capacity.

“The fiber addition served well to reduce the width of cracks and retard crack propagation, thus enhancing load-bearing capacity.”

May combine two claims.

FRC beams are more ductile, toughened, and damage-tolerant than traditional RC beams.

“FRC beam is therefore more ductile, toughened and damage-tolerant than the traditional RC beam.”

• cites [14] Shi, 2025, Flexural behavior of steel fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete beam reinforced with hybrid steel and FRP bars, Structures sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Fibers inhibit micro-crack widening and bridge macrocracks, providing residual tensile capacity and increasing post-cracking stiffness.

“As the micro-cracks commence in the concrete matrix, the fibers which cross the micro-cracks inhibit their cracking and retard the speed at which they widen.As the loading is increased and the cracks evolved to macrocracks, the fibers will continue to bridge the surfaces of the cracks to give the remaining tensile capacity and increase the post-cracking stiffness.”

• cites [14] Shi, 2025, Flexural behavior of steel fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete beam reinforced with hybrid steel and FRP bars, Structures sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Polypropylene fibers have relatively low tensile strength and elastic modulus compared to steel fibers.

“Polypropylene fibers on the other hand have relatively low tensile strength and elastic modulus in comparison to steel fibers [20].”

• cites [20] Wei, 2023, Behaviour of hybrid polypropylene and steel fibre reinforced ultra-high performance concrete beams against single and repeated impact loading, Structures sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Basalt fibers were distributed in the concrete before the formation of microcracks and participated in the distribution of forces.

“They were distributed in the concrete before the formation of microcracks and participated in the distribution of forces.”

May combine two claims.

After tensile stress reaches the cracking threshold, discrete cracks develop and propagate very fast, causing stress concentration and loss in stiffness.

“After the tensile stress reaches the cracking threshold, discrete cracks develop and propagate very fast resulting in stress concentration and loss in stiffness [6].”

• cites [6] Vairagade, 2023, Hybrid fibre reinforced concrete–A state of the art review, Hybrid Adv. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Short basalt fibers are uniformly spread in the cement matrix, thereby increasing the stress transfer across microcracks.

“This is explained by the fact that short basalt fibers are uniformly spread in the cement matrix, thereby increasing the stress transfer across microcracks.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Short basalt fibers are uniformly spread in the cement matrix.

May combine two claims.

The fibers partially absorb the shear forces and disperse local stresses in the transverse section of concrete.

“This can be explained by the fact that the fibers partially absorb the shear forces and disperse local stresses in the transverse section of concrete.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The transverse failure occurs mainly due to the formation and development of diagonal cracks in the internal structure of concrete as a result of increased transverse forces or large moments in the beam.

May combine two claims.

Polypropylene fibers have a lower modulus of elasticity and thus the contribution to the load-bearing capacity is minimal but still with a positive outcome such as in managing early age cracking and the narrowing of the crack.

“This is in line with the fact that polypropylene fibers have a lower modulus of elasticity and thus the contribution to the load-bearing capacity is minimal but still with a positive outcome such as in managing early age cracking and the narrowing of the crack.”

May combine two claims.

Dispersed reinforcement increases the strength of beams in the oblique section, reduces the risk of brittle failure, and ensures the reliability of the structure.

“Dispersed reinforcement increases the strength of beams in the oblique section, reduces the risk of brittle failure, and ensures the reliability of the structure.”

May combine two claims.

The high increase in shear cracking load, ultimate load, and stiffness and the lowest crack widths show the excellent ability of steel fibers to break cracks and their strength under tension.

“The high increase in shear cracking load, ultimate load, and stiffness and the lowest crack widths show the excellent ability of steel fibers to break cracks and their strength under tension.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Steel fibers are the most effective reinforcement in enhancing shear resistance and ductility in reinforced concrete beams.