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Cited by 49Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stressSkin Protection and AgingAdvancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 238 of the 245 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Skin Redox Balance Maintenance: The Need for an Nrf2-Activator Delivery System

Open access
Ben-Yehuda Greenwald, Maya, Ben-Sasson, Shmuel, Bianco-Peled, Havazelet, Kohen, Ron·2016·Cosmetics
DOI 10.3390/cosmetics3010001
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Abstract

The skin, being the largest organ of the body, functions as a barrier between our body and the environment. It is consistently exposed to various exogenous and endogenous stressors (e.g., air pollutants, ionizing and non-ionizing irradiation, toxins, mitochondrial metabolism, enzyme activity, inflammatory process, etc.) producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and physical damage (e.g., wounds, sunburns) also resulting in reactive oxygen species production. Although skin is equipped with an array of defense mechanisms to counteract reactive oxygen species, augmented exposure and continued reactive oxygen species might result in excessive oxidative stress leading to many skin disorders including inflammatory diseases, pigmenting disorders and some types of cutaneous malignancy. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an emerging regulator of cellular resistance and of defensive enzymes such as the phase II enzymes. Induction of the Keap1–Nrf2 pathway may have a beneficial effect in the treatment of a large number of skin disorders by stimulating an endogenous defense mechanism. However, prolonged and enhanced activation of this pathway is detrimental and, thus, limits the therapeutic potential of Keap1–Nrf2 modulators. Here, we review the consequences of oxidative stress to the skin, and the defense mechanisms that skin is equipped with. We describe the challenges of maintaining skin redox balance and its impact on skin status and function. Finally, we suggest a novel strategy for maintenance of skin redox homeostasis by modulating the Keap1–Nrf2 pathway using nanotechnology-based delivery systems.

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Crossref · 10.3390/cosmetics3010001

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238 of 238 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Show all 245 references

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Halliwell, B., and Gutteridge, J.M.C. (1999). Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, Oxford University Press. [3rd ed.].
  2. Decker, J.M. (2009). 11th Hour: Introduction to Immunology, John Wiley & Sons.
  3. Gollnick, 1996, Systemic beta carotene plus topical UV-sunscreen are an optimal protection against harmful effects of natural UV-sunlight: Results of the Berlin-Eilath study, Eur. J. Dermatol., 6, 200
  4. Satoh, T., Akhtar, M.W., and Lipton, S.A. (2013). Oxidative Stress and Redox Regulation, Springer.
  5. Giudice, A., Arra, C., and Turco, M.C. (2010). Transcription Factors, Springer.

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Metadata

Authors
Ben-Yehuda Greenwald, M., Ben-Sasson, S., Bianco-Peled, H., & Kohen, R.
Affiliations
  • The David and Ines Myers Skin Research Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112100, Israel
  • Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University Medical School, Ein-Karem Campus, Jerusalem 9112100, Israel
  • Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200003, Israel
  • Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
Corresponding author
Kohen, Ron
ORCID
Kohen, Ron
Venue
Cosmetics
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2016-01-15
Volume
3
Issue
1
Pages
1
ISSN
2079-9284 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/cosmetics3010001
OpenAlex
W2239904501
Cited by
49
References
245
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2
FWCI
3.47
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cosmetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
  • Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
Keywords
Nrf2, Nrf2/Keap1 pathway, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, nanotechnology-based drug delivery, skin diseases, phase II enzymes, skin cancer, skin barrier

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