CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 5,958Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative StressPhytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesExercise and Physiological Responses

Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging.

Open access
Ames, B N, Shigenaga, M K, Hagen, T M·1993·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1073/pnas.90.17.7915PMC PMC47258
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Metabolism, like other aspects of life, involves tradeoffs. Oxidant by-products of normal metabolism cause extensive damage to DNA, protein, and lipid. We argue that this damage (the same as that produced by radiation) is a major contributor to aging and to degenerative diseases of aging such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, immune-system decline, brain dysfunction, and cataracts. Antioxidant defenses against this damage include ascorbate, tocopherol, and carotenoids. Dietary fruits and vegetables are the principal source of ascorbate and carotenoids and are one source of tocopherol. Low dietary intake of fruits and vegetables doubles the risk of most types of cancer as compared to high intake and also markedly increases the risk of heart disease and cataracts. Since only 9% of Americans eat the recommended five servings of fruits and vegetables per day, the opportunity for improving health by improving diet is great.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.90.17.7915

Cites

195 of 195 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 25

  1. Adelman, R., Saul, R. L. & Ames, B. N. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 2706-2708.
  2. Shigenaga, M. K., Gimeno, C. J. & Ames, B. N. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 9697-9701.
  3. Fraga, C. G., Shigenaga, M. K., Park, J.-W., Degan, P. & Ames, B. N. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 4533- 4537.
  4. Harman, D. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 7124-7128.
  5. Wagner, J. R., Hu, C.-C. & Ames, B. N. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 3380-3384.
  6. Park, E.-M., Shigenaga, M. K., Degan, P., Korn, T. S., Kitzler, J. W., Wehr, C. M., Kolachana, P. & Ames, B. N. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 3375-3379.
  7. Michaels, M. L., Cruz, C., Groilman, A. P. & Miller, J. H. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 7022-7025.
  8. Richter, C., Park, J.-W. & Ames, B. N. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 6465-6467.
  9. Cortopassi, G. A., Shibata, D., Soong, N.-W. & Armheim, N. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 7370-7374.
  10. Oliver, C. N., Starke-Reed, P. E., Stadtman, E. R., Liu, G. J., Carney, J. M. & Floyd, R. A. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 5144-5147.
  11. Ames, B. N., Profet, M. & Gold, L. S. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 7777-7781.
  12. Youngman, L. D., Park, J.-Y. K. & Ames, B. N. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 9112-9116.
  13. Armstrong, D. (Raven, New York), pp. 181-202.
  14. Ruggeri, B. (1991) in Cancer and Nu- trition, Human Nutrition: A Compre- hensive Treatise, eds. Alfin-Slater, R. B. & Dritchevsky, D. (Plenum, New York), pp. 187-210.
  15. Packer, L. & Fuchs, J. (Mar- cel Dekker, New York), pp. 435-454. 107. Krinsky, N. I. (1989) Free Radicals Biol. Med. 7, 617-635. 108. Rousseau, E. J., Davison, A. J; & Dunn, B. (1992) Free Radicals Biol. Med. 13, 407-433. 109. Palozza, P. & Krinsky, N. I. (1992) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 297, 184-187. 110. Sies, H., Stahl, W. & Sundquist, A. R. (1992) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 669, 7-20. 111. Ames, B. N., Cathcart, R., Schwiers, E. & Hochstein, P. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 6858-6862. 112. Frei, B., Kim, M. C. & Ames, B. N. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 4879-4883. 113.
  16. Stocker, R., Yamamoto, Y., McDon- agh, A. F., Glazer, A. N. & Ames, B. N. (1987) Science 235, 1043-1045. 114. Kohen, R., Yamamoto, Y., Cundy, K. & Ames, B. N. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 3175-3179. 115. Stocker, R., Bowry, V. & Frei, B. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 1646-1650. 116. Mohr, D., Bowry, V. W. & Stocker, R. (1992) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1126, 247-254. 117.
  17. Ames, B. N., Shigenaga, M. K. & Gold, L. S. (1993) Environ. Health Per- spect., in press. 119.
  18. Ames, B. N. & Gold, L. S. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 7772-7776. 120. Henderson, B. E., Ross, R. K., Pike, M. C. & Casagrande, J. T. (1982) Can- cer Res. 42, 3232-3239. 121. Moalli, P. A., MacDonald, J. L., Goodglick, L. A. & Kane, A. B. (1987) Am. J. Pathol. 128, 426-445. 122.
  19. Enstrom, J. E., Kanim, L. E. & Klein, M. A. (1992) Epidemiology 3, 194-202. 131. Byers, T. & Perry, G. (1992) Annu. Rev. Nutr. 12, 139-159. 132. Le Marchand, L., Hankin, J. H., Kolo- nel, L. N., Beecher, G. R., Wilkens, L. R. & Zhao, L. P. (1993) Cancer Ep- idemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2, 183-187. 133. Daoud, A. H. & Griffin, A. C. (1980) Cancer Lett. 9, 299-304. 134. Kushida, H., Wakabayashi, K., Su- zuki, M., Takahashi, S., Imaida, K., Sugimura, T. & Nagao, M. (1992) Car- cinogenesis 13, 913-915. 135. Reddy, B. S. & Hirota, N. (1979) Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 38, 714. 136. Bagnasco, M., Bennicelli, C., Cam- oirano, A., Balansky, R. M. & De Flora, S. (1992) Mutagenesis 7, 295- 301. 137, Leuchtenberger, C. & Leuchtenberger, R. (1977) Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 58, 625- 634. 138.
  20. Review: Ames et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993) 161.
  21. Makinodan, T. & Kay, M. M. (1980) Adv. Immunol. 29, 287-330. 162. Sheffy, B. E. & Schultz, R. D. (1979) Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 38, 2139-2143. 163. Meeker, H. C., Eskew, M. L., Scheuchenzuber, W., Scholz, R. W. & Zarkower, A. (1985) J. Leukocyte Biol. 38, 451-458. 164. Bendich, A. (1989) J. Nutr. 119, 112- 115. 165. Meydani, S. N., Barklund, M. P., Liu, S., Meydani, M., Miller, R. A., Can- non, J. G., Morrow, F. D., Rocklin, R. & Blumberg, J. B. (1990) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 52, 557-563. 166.
  22. Weindruch, R. H., Kristie, J. A., Cheney, K. E. & Walford, R. L. (1979) Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 38, 2007-2016. 172. Taylor, A. (1992)
  23. Garner, N. H. & Spector, A. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 1274- 1276. 181. Martensson, J., Steinherz, R., Jain, A. & Meister, A. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 8727-8731. 182. Favit, A., Nicoletti, F., Scapagnini, U. & Canonico, P. L. (1992) J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12, 638-645. 183. Nistico, G., Ciriolo, M. R., Fiskin, K., lannone, M., De Martino, A. & Rotilio, G. (1992) Free Rad. Biol. Med. 12, 177-181. 184.
  24. Kinouchi, H., Epstein, C. J., Mizui, T., Carlson, E., Chen, S. F. & Chan, P. H. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 11158-11162. 194. Dawson, V. L., Dawson, T. M., Uhl, G. R. & Snyder, S. H. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 3256-3259. 195. Cazevieille, C., Muller, A., Meynier, F. & Bonne, C. (1993) Free Radicals Biol. Med. 14, 389-395. 196.
  25. MacGregor, J. T., Schlegel, R., Wehr, C. M., Alperin, P. & Ames, B. N. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 9962-9965. 214. Stampfer, M. J., Malinow, M. R., Wil- lett, W. C., Newcomer, L. M., Upson, B., Ullmann, D., Tishler, P. V. & Hen- nekens, C. H. (1992) J. Am. Med. As- soc. 268, 877-881. 215. The Eurogast Study Group (1993) Lan- cet 341, 1359-1362. 216.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Ames, B. N., Shigenaga, M. K., & Hagen, T. M.
Affiliations
University of California, Berkeley (US)
ORCID
Ames, B N
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
National Academy of Sciences
Published
1993-09
Volume
90
Issue
17
Pages
7915-7922
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.90.17.7915
PMC
PMC47258
OpenAlex
W2023677185
Cited by
5,958
References
195
Citations by year
2026: 33 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 125 · 2022: 112 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 164 · 2019: 140 · 2018: 158 · 2017: 176 · 2016: 177 · 2015: 198 · 2014: 272 · 2013: 267 · 2012: 293
FWCI
13.60
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Rockefeller Foundation
  • National Institutes of Health (5r35ca039910-14)
  • National Cancer Institute (CA399 10)
  • National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ESO1896, P30ES001896)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Keywords
oxidative stress, free radicals, antioxidants, aging, degenerative diseases, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, vitamin C, tocopherols, carotenoids, cancer risk, cardiovascular disease, cataract, waning immunity, brain dysfunction
MeSH terms
Aging, Animals, Antioxidants, Diet, Disease, DNA Damage, Humans, Neoplasms, Proteins, Oxidants, Lipid Metabolism

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review