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The Amazonian Formative: Crop Domestication and Anthropogenic Soils

Arroyo-Kalin, Manuel·2010·Diversity
DOI 10.3390/d2040473
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Abstract

The emergence of sedentism and agriculture in Amazonia continues to sit uncomfortably within accounts of South American pre-Columbian history. This is partially because deep-seated models were formulated when only ceramic evidence was known, partly because newer data continue to defy simple explanations, and partially because many discussions continue to ignore evidence of pre-Columbian anthropogenic landscape transformations. This paper presents the results of recent geoarchaeological research on Amazonian anthropogenic soils. It advances the argument that properties of two different types of soils, terras pretas and terras mulatas, support their interpretation as correlates of, respectively, past settlement areas and fields where spatially-intensive, organic amendment-reliant cultivation took place. This assessment identifies anthropogenic soil formation as a hallmark of the Amazonian Formative and prompts questions about when similar forms of enrichment first appear in the Amazon basin. The paper reviews evidence for embryonic anthrosol formation to highlight its significance for understanding the domestication of a key Amazonian crop: manioc (Manihot esculenta ssp. esculenta). A model for manioc domestication that incorporates anthropogenic soils outlines some scenarios which link the distribution of its two broader varieties—sweet and bitter manioc—with the widespread appearance of Amazonian anthropogenic dark earths during the first millennium AD.

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  • Charcoal from pre-contact burning events that occurred centuries apart suggests there were multiple occupations within the region before European colonization.

    “Charcoal from pre-contact burning events that occurred centuries apart suggests there were multiple occupations within the region before European colonization, aligning with patterns seen in other Amazonian studies”

    From Pre‐contact and post‐colonial ecological legacies shape Surinamese rainforests (2024) · cites this paper as Arroyo-Kalin, 2010

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Metadata

Authors
Arroyo-Kalin, M.
Affiliations
Department of Archaeology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
Venue
Diversity
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2010-03-29
Volume
2
Issue
4
Pages
473-504
ISSN
1424-2818
DOI
10.3390/d2040473
Cited by
123
References
0
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (vor)

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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