Estimating the Nucleation Ability of Various Surfaces Towards Isotactic Polypropylene via Light Intensity Induction Time Measurements
Open accessAbstract
Crystallization of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) at the interface with crystalline films of two commercially employed nucleating agents (sodium benzoate (NaBz) and sodium 2,2’-methylene bis-(4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate (NA-11)) and with a glass fiber (GF) was investigated using a polarized optical microscope. The analysis of the light intensity evolution during the crystallization process enabled the successful estimation of the time at which the crystal growth began, i.e., the induction time (ti), at various crystallization temperatures. Meaningful differences in the ti values were observed between the investigated systems. Moreover, the ti data have been analyzed according to different nucleation models proposed in the literature, which consider either the time to form the first crystalline layer in contact with the substrate or the time required to grow a cluster of critical size. It has been found that the two models are applicable in different temperature ranges depending on the efficiency of the given substrate. Therefore, in order to obtain the value of the surface free energy difference function, Δσ, which is directly related to the nucleation energy barrier and useful for the definition of a universal nucleating efficiency scale, a model that considers both the above-mentioned times was fitted to the overall data. The values of Δσ for the nucleation of iPP on the surface of the different substrates are thus obtained and discussed in the framework of the literature results.
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For Q1, light intensity measurements show a first slight intensity increase corresponding to PLLA crystallization, followed by a sharper increase due to PE crystallization, then PCL crystallization increases intensity, and finally the sharpest increase is due to PEO crystallization.
“Starting from the molten state (a), the first slight intensity increase corresponds to the crystallization of the PLLA block (b), followed by a sharper increase due to the PE block crystallization (c). Then, the crystallization of the PCL block increases the intensity value (d), and finally, the sharpest increase in intensity is due to the crystallization of the PEO block (e).”
From Sequential Crystallization and Multicrystalline Morphology in PE- <i>b</i> -PEO- <i>b</i> -PCL- <i>b</i> -PLLA Tetrablock Quarterpolymers (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
The Results, under “Light Intensity Method” (page unavailable), describe increasing light intensity during isothermal crystallization of isotactic polypropylene. Our copy does not address Q1 or the claimed PLLA → PE → PCL → PEO crystallization sequence; searches for those block names and sequential crystallization found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Carmeli, E., Wang, B., Moretti, P., Tranchida, D., & Cavallo, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Genoa (IT)
- Borealis (Austria) (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Cavallo, Dario
- Venue
- Entropy
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-10-31
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1068
- ISSN
- 1099-4300 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7514372
- OpenAlex
- W2982672240
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 1.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Entropy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer crystallization and properties
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Crystallization and Solubility Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › nanoparticles nucleation surface interactions
- Keywords
- isotactic polypropylene, nucleation, crystallization, induction period, light intensity measurement, nucleating agents, sodium benzoate, glass fiber, nucleation barrier, nucleation model
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