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Cited by 60Artificial Intelligence in EducationArtificial Intelligence in Healthcare and EducationDigital literacy in education

Is the Education System Prepared for the Irruption of Artificial Intelligence? A Study on the Perceptions of Students of Primary Education Degree from a Dual Perspective: Current Pupils and Future Teachers

Open access
Lozano, Alba, Blanco Fontao, Carolina·2023·Education Sciences
DOI 10.3390/educsci13070733
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Abstract

The recent irruption of ChatGPT, a powerful chatbot that uses a “Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer” language model, could revolutionize education worldwide since it can greatly affect the competence development that students need to achieve for their professional future. The aim of this work is to assess the level of knowledge of ChatGPT and the perception of its possibilities of use in education by students studying the Primary Education Degree at the University of León (Spain) from a double perspective: as students and future teachers, respectively. For this purpose, a descriptive, cross-sectional, non-experimental, and quantitative research design was carried out, with the design and elaboration of a questionnaire. The questionnaire data were statistically processed by calculating relative frequencies. The main results highlight that students have a positive perception of ChatGPT use, with potential applications in education, and do not perceive it as a threat to the deterioration of the educational system as long as the sources of the data generated by the tool are verified. In addition, as students and future teachers, they need more knowledge about the operation of ChatGPT to ensure its correct use and maintain the quality of the education system. Thus, to overcome ChatGPT irruption in education, digital literacy is crucial at all educational levels.

Verified 2026-10-06 · 3 references not checked yet

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study surveyed 81 second-year Primary Education Degree students at the University of León about ChatGPT after a classroom activity, assessing their perceptions as both current students and future teachers. Students were generally positive about ChatGPT’s educational potential but recognized needs for source verification, critical use, and more knowledge of how the tool operates.

Key findings

  • Prior knowledge was low: 76% did not know ChatGPT from previous use, 14% knew of it but had not used it, and only 10% had used it previously for degree tasks.
  • As students, 87% considered ChatGPT easy to access and use, 77% thought it saved time, 85% saw it as enabling personalized learning, and 95% were surprised by its potential; main benefits were speed and support material (71.7% of responses), while main drawbacks were lower information search, critical analysis, and greater plagiarism capacity (74.3% of responses).
  • On sources and quality, 36% had asked ChatGPT to generate references, 57% agreed/strongly agreed its references were reliable, and 42% considered work quality comparable to other resources; 94% knew they must understand the work, but only 54% thought they understood how ChatGPT generates tasks.
  • As future teachers, 36% saw ChatGPT as a threat to the teaching job, 71% saw it as useful for future teaching, 78% said it would force changes in task design, 81% could generate high-quality content if sources were corroborated, 33% thought it could devalue the education system, 96% needed to know AI tools, and 94% needed to know basic AI operation.

Methods

  • Descriptive, cross-sectional, non-experimental quantitative design using a questionnaire; sample was 81 second-year Primary Education Degree students taking Teaching and Learning of Experimental Sciences I in 2022/23, representing 68% of the 118-student target population, with mean age 19.7 ± 1.3 and 73% girls, 26% boys, 1% non-binary.
  • Participants completed a ChatGPT classroom activity, then a four-block questionnaire; Blocks 3 and 4 used 5-point Likert items and were answered two months after the activity.
  • The instrument was validated by Delphi method (25 initial questions reduced to 18), Cronbach’s alpha was 0.801, and data were analyzed in SPSS v26 using descriptive statistics and relative frequencies.

Limitations

  • The paper states limitations in sample size and notes that participants were students specialized in experimental sciences; it also proposes future research with active teachers and other educational levels.
  • Evident from the text: the study is limited to one university, one degree program, and one subject cohort, and it relies on self-reported perceptions rather than observed behavior or performance.
  • Evident from the text: the analysis is descriptive only, with no inferential statistics reported, and the cross-sectional design cannot establish changes over time.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/educsci13070733

Cites

32 of 38 references verified0 citation errors · 3 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 15 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    94% of future teachers consider it necessary to have knowledge of the basic operation of artificial intelligence in order to better understand how students can use it properly in their tasks.

    “94% of future teachers consider it necessary to have knowledge of the basic operation of artificial intelligence in order to better understand how students can use it properly in their tasks (question 18)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    From the point of view of future teachers (Objective 3), there is a very positive perception of ChatGPT.

    “The results of Block 4 show that from the point of view of future teachers (Objective 3), there is a very positive perception of ChatGPT.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Teachers in training do not consider ChatGPT as a threat.

    “Regarding its access and use, the teachers in training do not consider this tool as a threat.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The least benefits identified are the use of ChatGPT to check their learning, and as a tutor or virtual support.

    “The least benefits identified are the use of ChatGPT to check their learning, and as a tutor or virtual support (c and d, both related).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Future teachers have verified ChatGPT's potential for creating content with a carried-out activity in class.

    “Instead, they have verified its potential for creating content with a carried-out activity in class.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 23
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 20

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The main disadvantages associated with the use of ChatGPT identified by the students are the lower capacity to search for information, critical analysis, and the greater capacity for plagiarism, being 74.3% of the total number of responses.

    “the main disadvantages associated with the use of ChatGPT (question 6) identified by the students are the lower capacity to search for information (a), critical analysis (b), and the greater capacity for plagiarism (d), being 74.3% of the total number of responses”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    14% of the students affirmed they knew about ChatGPT, but they had not used it to perform tasks or search for information.

    “14% of the students affirmed they knew about it, but they had not used it to perform tasks or search for information.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The remaining students' opinions on whether ChatGPT will pose a threat to their future teaching practice were divided, with 41% disagreeing and 28% neutral.

    “while 41% of them disagree and 28% are neutral”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    10% of the students said that they knew about ChatGPT and had used it previously to perform tasks in other subjects of the degree.

    “Only 10% said that they knew about it and had used it previously to perform tasks in other subjects of the degree.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The most beneficial aspects of using ChatGPT identified by students are the speed in completing tasks and the generation of support material, both accounting for 71.7% of the total responses.

    “The most beneficial aspects of using ChatGPT (question 5) identified by students are the speed in completing tasks (a) and the generation of support material (b), both accounting for 71.7% of the total responses”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    36% of the students expressed neutral opinions and 27% disagreed that ChatGPT could lead to the devaluation of the quality of the educational system.

    “with 36% of the students expressing neutral opinions and 27% disagreeing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The disadvantages least detected are the least capacity for synthesis and the greatest difficulty in defending a work in the classroom.

    “the disadvantages least detected are the least capacity for synthesis (c) and the greatest difficulty in defending a work in the classroom.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The perception from the student's point of view is positive; however, there is great concern about the generation of incorrect data and great potential for plagiarism of the texts generated by ChatGPT.

    “The perception from the student's point of view is positive; however, nowadays there is great concern about the generation of incorrect data and great potential for plagiarism of the texts generated by this tool.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Regarding the knowledge of how ChatGPT operates, both students and teachers consider that they do not deeply understand its operation and that they should be trained in it.

    “Finally, regarding the knowledge of how ChatGPT operates, both consider that they do not deeply understand its operation and that they should be trained in it.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Comparing categories between the perspectives of students and teachers, in the category of use and access, both are optimistic and consider that Chat-GPT shows great potential for improving the education system, without being perceived as a threat to it.

    “Comparing categories between the perspectives of students and teachers, it can be observed that in the category of use and access, both are optimistic and consider that Chat-GPT shows great potential for improving the education system, without being perceived as a threat to it.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study consisted of a sample of 81 students from the Primary Education Degree, who carried out the activity with ChatGPT and represented 68% of the initial study population.

    “The study consisted of a sample of 81 students from the Primary Education Degree, who carried out the activity with ChatGPT and represented 68% of the initial study population.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The use of AI has had a positive impact on academic performance, especially on increasing motivation and improving the teaching-learning process.

    “Additionally, the use of AI has had a positive impact on academic performance, especially on increasing motivation and improving the teaching-learning process [23].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] 2023, Analysing the Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Computational Sciences on Student Performance: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, J. New Approaches Educ. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The level of prior knowledge of ChatGPT has been much higher in students studying other university degrees such as Business degrees, reaching 80%.

    “the level of prior knowledge of ChatGPT has been much higher in students studying other university degrees such as Business degrees, reaching 80% [34]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] Salgueiro, A.M., Ares, L.R., Sestayo, R.L., and López, S.F. (2023). 2n. International Congress: Education and Knowledge, Octaedro Editorial.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    AI is presented as an opportunity for teachers with respect to the creation of content, activities, and assessments.

    “Likewise, AI is presented as an opportunity for teachers with respect to the creation of content, activities, and assessments [24].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] Cooper, 2023, Examining Science Education in ChatGPT: An Exploratory Study of Generative Artificial Intelligence, J. Sci. Educ. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ChatGPT has difficulties with the generation of responses that require higher-order cognitive processes such as critical analysis, which prevents it from generating text with deep and complex explanations.

    “ChatGPT has difficulties with the generation of responses that require higher-order cognitive processes such as critical analysis [35,36], which prevents it from generating text with deep and complex explanations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [35] Anderson, L.W., and Krathwol, D.R. (2001). A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching and Assessing. A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, University of Kentucky.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [36] Rudolph, 2023, ChatGPT: Bullshit Spewer or the End of Traditional Assessments in Higher Education?, J. Appl. Learn. Teach.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Students have a positive perception of ChatGPT use, with potential applications in education, and do not perceive it as a threat to the deterioration of the educational system as long as the sources of the data generated by the tool are verified.

    “The main results highlight that students have a positive perception of ChatGPT use, with potential applications in education, and do not perceive it as a threat to the deterioration of the educational system as long as the sources of the data generated by the tool are verified.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The sample of 81 second-year Primary Education students at the University of León is representative of the target population of Primary Education students, so that the perceptions reported can be generalized to that population.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Previous studies have identified a lack of authorship of the sources/references and the generation of biased data, problems that are of great concern in the educational community.

    “previous studies have identified a lack of authorship of the sources/references [38] and the generation of biased data [17], problems that are of great concern in the educational community.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [38] Hapsari, 2022, AI Chatbots Learning Model in English Speaking Skill: Alleviating Speaking Anxiety, Boosting Enjoyment, and Fostering Critical Thinking, Innovative Technologies and Learning. 5th International Conference on Innovative Technologies and Learning

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Lo, C.K. (2023). What Is the Impact of ChatGPT on Education?. A Rapid Review of the Literature. Educ. Sci., 13. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationown data

    Students need more knowledge about the operation of ChatGPT to ensure its correct use and maintain the quality of the education system.

    “In addition, as students and future teachers, they need more knowledge about the operation of ChatGPT to ensure its correct use and maintain the quality of the education system.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The sample of 81 second-year Primary Education students at the University of León is representative of the target population of Primary Education students, so that the perceptions reported can be generalized to that population.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Cronbach's alpha was 0.801, so its confidence level is considered very good.

    “To check the reliability of the instrument, Cronbach's alpha was calculated, which was 0.801, so its confidence level is considered very good [33].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Tirado, 2013, Motivation as an Educational Strategy a Study in the Teaching of Botany, Perfiles Educ.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In the coming years, there will be a substantial change in the educational model, especially in teaching methodologies, so that some tasks such as the current written work and evaluations will have to be rethought.

    “These facts predict that in the coming years, there will be a substantial change in the educational model, especially in teaching methodologies, so that some tasks such as the current written work and evaluations will have to be rethought.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ChatGPT can generate teaching materials such as rubrics or activities to implement in the classroom and even questionnaires of a certain quality.

    “This is in accordance with the generation of teaching materials such as rubrics or activities to implement in the classroom and even questionnaires of a certain quality, as recognized by other authors [17,27].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [17] Lo, C.K. (2023). What Is the Impact of ChatGPT on Education?. A Rapid Review of the Literature. Educ. Sci., 13. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [27] Tlili, 2023, What If the Devil Is My Guardian Angel: ChatGPT as a Case Study of Using Chatbots in Education, Smart Learn. Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Students are of the opinion that ChatGPT generates good-quality texts and uses reliable sources, although they are aware that they should be critical and contrast the information.

    “students are of the opinion that ChatGPT generates good-quality texts and uses reliable sources, although they are aware that they should be critical and contrast the information.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The sample of 81 second-year Primary Education students at the University of León is representative of the target population of Primary Education students, so that the perceptions reported can be generalized to that population.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The controversy generated in the education sector is due to the fact that although ChatGPT offers great benefits to the teaching and learning praxis, it can also have detrimental consequences for teaching-learning processes and skills and competencies development.

    “The controversy generated in the education sector is due to the fact that although it offers great benefits to the teaching and learning praxis, it can also have detrimental consequences for teaching-learning processes and skills and competencies development [17].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Lo, C.K. (2023). What Is the Impact of ChatGPT on Education?. A Rapid Review of the Literature. Educ. Sci., 13. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The questionnaire used in the study was self-made and validated.

    “Table A1.Self-made and validated questionnaire (Google Forms application).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Data generated by ChatGPT require a contrast processing of information and critical analysis.

    “This perception can be considered a positive aspect since as it has been explained that data generated by ChatGPT require a contrast processing of information and critical analysis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

    “Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The study was carried out with students specialized in experimental sciences, due to the important connection between the educational and scientific fields and the veracity of the sources of information.

    “In addition, it has been carried out with students specialized in experimental sciences, due to the important connection between the educational and scientific fields and the veracity of the sources of information.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    AI can be used to generate personalized applications in education in a broader sense.

    “Beyond the personalization of students' tasks, AI can also be used to generate personalized applications in education in a broader sense.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given

    This study may present limitations in the sample size with which it has been carried out.

    “This study may present limitations in the sample size with which it has been carried out.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    AI can be used to detect vocational interests in students and guide them in their studies, or in the case of people with disabilities, to generate methodological strategies to facilitate their learning, allowing an improvement in education from a holistic and integrative point of view.

    “In this way, they can be used to detect vocational interests in students and guide them in their studies or, in the case of people with disabilities, to generate methodological strategies to facilitate their learning [39], which allows an improvement in education from a holistic and integrative point of view.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] 2020, La Inteligencia Artificial En La Educación, Dominio Las Cienc.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The objective was to obtain information from a group of people who currently have a dual perspective on the subject of study because they are university students who are training to become future teachers.

    “However, the objective was to obtain information from a group of people who currently have a dual perspective on the subject of study because they are university students who are training to become future teachers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    ChatGPT can greatly facilitate the personalization of tasks from the teaching point of view.

    “The personalization of tasks is a great advantage from the teaching point of view, and ChatGPT can greatly facilitate this work.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The use of ChatGPT-type applications could greatly reduce the preparation time of tasks addressing individual differences in classrooms.

    “This fact entails a huge amount of work for teachers, but the use of this type of application could greatly reduce the preparation time of tasks addressing the individual differences found in classrooms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The generation of content by ChatGPT may be limited, especially if evaluation-type or critical analysis-type activities are required, as it can only provide limited responses.

    “However, the generation of such content may be limited, especially if evaluation-type or critical analysis-type activities are required of ChatGPT, which can only provide limited responses as previously stated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
34 of 34

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The sample of 81 second-year Primary Education students at the University of León is representative of the target population of Primary Education students, so that the perceptions reported can be generalized to that population.

    “The study consisted of a sample of 81 students from the Primary Education Degree, who carried out the activity with ChatGPT and represented 68% of the initial study population.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is a critical situation for teaching practice that may lead to a paradigm shift in education.

    “Faced with the critical situation for teaching practice that may lead to a paradigm shift in education, future teachers have to be aware of the change they will have to make in terms of task design and evaluation criteria in order to avoid or detect plagiarism.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The use of ChatGPT will increase in all areas, including education, due to its potential.

    “It should be noted that the use of ChatGPT will increase in all areas, including education, due to its potential, so it is essential to convey to students the limits that should not be exceeded with its use and the consequences this may have for the education system.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Teacher training will increase and improve teaching knowledge and better identify fraud by students.

    “From the point of view of the teacher, it is absolutely necessary to implement teacher training to increase and improve teaching knowledge, and hence to better identify fraud by the students.”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Earlier studies among primary and secondary school pupils found that pupils were generally positive about the use of ChatGPT as a contemporary learning environment tool belonging to generative AI.

    “Also, earlier studies among primary and secondary school pupils found that in general, pupils were positive about the use of ChatGPT as a contemporary learning environment tool belonging to generative AI [14,15].”

    From Generative AI and ChatGPT in School Children’s Education: Evidence from a School Lesson (2023) · cites this paper as [14]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Agreement that ChatGPT threatens teaching is overstated

    Minor

    For question 12, the table reports 22% agreeing and 9% strongly agreeing, totaling 31% rather than 36%.

    Reported 36 · recomputed 31

  • Access-and-use questions are assigned the wrong numbers

    Minor

    The results identify ease of access as question 1, but the questionnaire identifies it as question 2; question 1 concerns surprise at ChatGPT's potential. The same results paragraph shifts the numbers of the other access-and-use questions.

  • Source reliability and work quality question numbers are reversed

    Minor

    The results call source reliability question 8 and work quality question 9, whereas Table 2 assigns them to questions 9 and 8, respectively.

  • Time-saving agreement is reported as 77% instead of 87%

    Minor

    The table gives 35% agreeing and 52% strongly agreeing that ChatGPT saves time, totaling 87%, not 77%.

    Reported 77 · recomputed 87

4 of 4

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Drigas, A.S., and Ioannidou, R.-E. (2013). Comunications in Computer and Information Science, Springer-Verlag.
  2. Fonseca, 2016, El Métod Delphi, REIRE Rev. D’innovació I Recer. Educ., 9, 87
  3. Tirado, 2013, Motivation as an Educational Strategy a Study in the Teaching of Botany, Perfiles Educ., 35, 79

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Lozano, A., & Blanco Fontao, C.
Affiliations
  • Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
  • Department of General and Specific Didactics and Theory of Education, University of Leon, 24007 León, Spain
ORCID
Venue
Education Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-07-18
Volume
13
Issue
7
Pages
733
ISSN
2227-7102 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/educsci13070733
OpenAlex
W4384826470
Semantic Scholar
f627f261d79c3bf7ef4365c6544c2e6ed4443b82
Cited by
60
References
34
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 3
FWCI
14.16
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Education Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Buleria (Universidad de León) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Universidad de León. A. Lozano
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Digital literacy in education
Keywords
ChatGPT, generative AI in education, pre-service teachers, student perceptions, digital literacy, AI literacy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-06.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-06.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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