CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 35Digital Transformation in IndustryIndustrial Automation and Control SystemsFlexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems

Open Source Control Device for Industry 4.0 Based on RAMI 4.0

Open access
Melo, Pablo F. S., Godoy, Eduardo P., Ferrari, Paolo, Sisinni, Emiliano·2021·Electronics
DOI 10.3390/electronics10070869
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The technical innovation of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0—I4.0) is based on the following respective conditions: horizontal and vertical integration of manufacturing systems, decentralization of computing resources and continuous digital engineering throughout the product life cycle. The reference architecture model for Industry 4.0 (RAMI 4.0) is a common model for systematizing, structuring and mapping the complex relationships and functionalities required in I4.0 applications. Despite its adoption in I4.0 projects, RAMI 4.0 is an abstract model, not an implementation guide, which hinders its current adoption and full deployment. As a result, many papers have recently studied the interactions required among the elements distributed along the three axes of RAMI 4.0 to develop a solution compatible with the model. This paper investigates RAMI 4.0 and describes our proposal for the development of an open-source control device for I4.0 applications. The control device is one of the elements in the hierarchy-level axis of RAMI 4.0. Its main contribution is the integration of open-source solutions of hardware, software, communication and programming, covering the relationships among three layers of RAMI 4.0 (assets, integration and communication). The implementation of a proof of concept of the control device is discussed. Experiments in an I4.0 scenario were used to validate the operation of the control device and demonstrated its effectiveness and robustness without interruption, failure or communication problems during the experiments.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The paper presents an open-source control device for Industry 4.0 that integrates hardware, software, communication, and programming tools to cover the asset, integration, and communication layers of RAMI 4.0. A proof-of-concept using a Raspberry Pi, OpenPLC, RFID, and OPC UA was validated on a FESTO sorting station, showing stable operation with multiple OPC UA clients.

Key findings

  • The control device operated for 12 h without interruption, failure, communication problems, or OPC UA disconnection during the experiment.
  • With up to five simultaneous OPC UA clients connected over Wi-Fi, CPU usage remained around 30%; external client connections caused only short CPU peaks and reduced free memory by up to 5% (from 75% to 70%).
  • Running the internal HMI OPC UA client significantly increased CPU usage to around 60%, returning to around 30% after it was turned off.
  • Different OPC UA security types and policies did not significantly impact performance or hardware usage; the OPC UA server address space was updated within 100 ms.

Methods

  • Proof-of-concept implementation using a Raspberry Pi Model 3B+, UniPi 1.1 I/O board, OpenPLC for IEC 61131-3 logic control, RFID for part identification, and node-opcua for an OPC UA server/client.
  • Experimental validation on a FESTO MPS sorting station, where white, red, and black parts with RFID tags were identified and sorted according to the control device logic.
  • Five OPC UA clients connected sequentially every two minutes using different security modes/policies; CPU usage, free memory, and temperature were monitored during operation.

Limitations

  • The paper states that the main disadvantage is limited application flexibility: using different RFID readers or unsupported I/O boards would require integration rework or new drivers.
  • The paper states that the work is a proof-of-concept and that future work is needed to update the control device toward a full I4.0 component with a standardized information layer and additional asset information.
  • Evident from the text: validation is based on a single laboratory experiment with no baseline or comparison, and although 12 h of operation is mentioned, only the first 10 min of monitored data are shown.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/electronics10070869

Cites

25 of 25 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 13 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    The control device OPC UA server provides an address space (information model) with five main objects: server, RPi hardware, RFID tags, discrete outputs, discrete inputs and internal registers.

    “Thus, as shown in Figure 4, the control device OPC UA server provides an address space (information model) with five main objects: server, RPi hardware, RFID tags, discrete outputs, discrete inputs and internal registers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The control device demonstrated effectiveness and robustness without interruption, failure or communication problems during the experiments.

    “in an I4.0 scenario were used to validate the operation of the control device and demonstrated its effectiveness and robustness without interruption, failure or communication problems during the experiments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The change in the percentage of free memory with the connection of the external clients was small and up to 5% (from 75 to 70%).

    “The change in the percentage of free memory with the connection of the external clients was small and up to 5% (from 75 to 70%).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The usage only returned to normal values around 30% after the internal HMI was turned off.

    “The usage only returned to normal values around 30% after the internal HMI was turned off.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    The control device integrated a set of different technologies, such as the OpenPLC project, the RFID system and the OPC UA (server/client) projects, in a one package solution.

    “The control device integrated a set of different technologies, such as the OpenPLC project, the RFID system and the OPC UA (server/client) projects, in a one package solution.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 23
  • May combine two claims. 20

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The developed address space of the control device relates to the RAMI 4.0 administration shell and provides information related to the controlled process in a standardized and fully interoperable manner.

    “The developed address space of the control device relates to RAMI 4.0 administration shell and provides information related to the controlled process in a standardized and fully interoperable manner.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There were no significant temperature changes during the control device operation, and the temperature was in a suitable interval.

    “There were no significant temperature changes during the control device operation, and the temperature was in a suitable interval.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The CPU usage peak oscillated but maintained a high value of around 60%, while the internal HMI was kept running.

    “The CPU usage peak oscillated but maintained a high value of around 60%, while the internal HMI was kept running.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    The information available in the OPC UA server address space of the control device is updated within 100 ms using the interface driver.

    “The information available in the OPC UA server address space of the control device is updated within 100 ms, using the interface driver described previously.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The architecture of the control device is modular and integrates different components and open-source technologies to fulfill the development requirements of the included RAMI 4.0 layers.

    “The architecture of the control device is modular and integrates different components and open-source technologies to fulfill the development requirements of the included RAMI 4.0 layers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The control device operation was robust, with no interruption or failure, no communication problems, and no OPC UA disconnection during the experiments.

    “The control device operation was robust, with no interruption or failure, neither communication problems, nor OPC UA disconnection during the experiments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The logical results of the control device, or the correct execution of programming tasks and control of the manufacturing process, were validated during the experiment.

    “In addition, it is worth mentioning that the logical results of the control device or the correct execution of programing tasks and control of the manufacturing process were validated during the experiment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    A great number of pieces were processed, or production cycles were executed by the control device, given the production cycle is around 15 s.

    “Considering that the production cycle of the experiment (time interval between consecutive input of pieces in the system) is around 15 s, a great number of pieces were processed, or production cycles were executed by the control device.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The control device was kept in operation for 12 h within the experiment.

    “The control device was kept in operation for 12 h within the experiment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The developed control device was conceived as a proof-of-concept, focusing on the integration of open-source solutions and covering the relationships among three layers of RAMI 4.0: assets, integration and communication.

    “The developed control device was conceived as a proof-of-concept, focusing on the integration of open-source solutions and covering the relationships among three layers of RAMI 4.0: assets, integration and communication.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    At the controlled station, whenever a registered product is identified by the RFID system, the integration layer obtains this information and executes a specific logic for each identified part.

    “At the controlled station, whenever a registered product is identified by the RFID system, the integration layer obtains this information and executes a specific logic (instructions) for each identified part.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A relevant decrease in the percentage of free system memory, as well as a relevant increase in CPU usage, occurred with the execution and connection of the internal HMI client (ID-5).

    “A relevant decrease in the percentage of free system memory, as well as a relevant increase in CPU usage, can be seen in Figure 9 with the execution and connection of the internal HMI client (ID-5).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The control device server includes OPC UA security mechanisms: device Security Type Configuration (policies None, Basic, Basic128Rsa15, and Basic256), device authentication and certification, and communication encryption.

    “Finally, security mechanisms of the OPC UA protocol were included at the control device server.These mechanisms include the device Security Type Configuration (based on the policies None, Basic, Basic128Rsa15, and Basic256), the device authentication and certification, and communication encryption.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    This paper presented the development of an open-source control device for Industry 4.0 (I4.0) based on RAMI 4.0.

    “This paper presented the development of an open-source control device for Industry 4.0 (I4.0) based on RAMI 4.0.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    According to the literature review, most works currently focus on migrating production systems and retrofitting or adapting equipment to be compatible with RAMI 4.0 model.

    “According to the literature review, most works currently focus on migrating production systems and retrofitting or adapting equipment to be compatible with RAMI 4.0 model.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The control device is responsible for providing programming of processes, identification of parts (e.g., through RFID), network communication through OPC UA, data management and information modeling, and supervision of equipment.

    “The control device is responsible for providing the programming of processes, identification of parts (e.g., through radio frequency identification-RFID), network communication through the standardized and interoperable protocol (e.g., through OPC UA, which is RAMI 4.0 recommended protocol for the communication layer), data management and information modeling, and supervision of equipment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Currently, solutions readily available on the market covering all the aspects of RAMI 4.0 are very few, if any.
    • Rests on an assumption: The proprietary automation hardware and software that could be used to develop a RAMI 4.0 compatible control device are high-cost, proprietary and black boxes, so no developer customizations are allowed.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The developed control device is one of the items in the hierarchy-level axis of RAMI 4.0 and integrates the asset, integration and communication layers.

    “Considering RAMI 4.0, the developed control device, one of the items in the hierarchy-level axis, integrates the following elements of the layers axis: asset, integration and communication, as shown in Figure 2.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    RAMI 4.0 recommended the OPC UA protocol for the communication layer.

    “RAMI 4.0 recommended the open platform communication unified architecture (OPC UA) protocol [23] for the communication layer.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] González, I., Calderón, A.J., Figueiredo, J., and Sousa, J.M.C. (2019). A Literature Survey on Open Platform Communications (OPC) Applied to Advanced Industrial Environments. Electronics, 8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Even though there is much literature dealing with RAMI 4.0 related approaches based on conceptual or simulated frameworks for I4.0 applications, the presentation and discussion of experimental results and proofs-of-concept are scarce.

    “Even though there is much literature dealing with RAMI 4.0 related approaches based on conceptual or simulated frameworks for I4.0 applications, the presentation and discussion of experimental results and proofs-of-concept are scarce.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    With the OPC UA server, any OPC UA client can access in real time any of the described information available at the control device.

    “With the OPC UA server, any OPC UA customer (client) can access in real time any of the described information available at the control device.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Industry 4.0 represents a concept, not a standard, which does not specify integration tools, communication technologies and programming standards to be used.

    “Reference [8] also emphasizes that Industry 4.0 represents a concept, not a standard, which does not specify integration tools, communication technologies and programming standards to be used.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Melo, P.F.S., and Godoy, E.P. (2019, January 4–6). Controller Interface for Industry 4.0 based on RAMI 4.0 and OPC UA. Proceedings of the 2019 II Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 and IoT (MetroInd4.0&IoT), Naples, Italy.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    All information related to the controlled process will be available in real time for any type of platform connected to the communication infrastructure.

    “All the information related to the controlled process will be available in real time for any type of platform connected to the communication infrastructure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The structure of the address space allows information to be viewed in a hierarchical manner, improving interoperability between applications.

    “This structure allows information to be viewed in a hierarchical manner, improving interoperability between applications.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    As far as the authors know from their literature review, the contribution of developing a control device for I4.0 compatible with RAMI 4.0 only using open-source solutions is unprecedented.

    “As far as we know from our literature review, this contribution is unprecedented.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The big challenge for the adoption of RAMI 4.0 is the implementation of compatible solutions, such as equipment, systems and standards that support the functionalities of each layer and the interactions required among the elements distributed along the three axes of RAMI 4.0.

    “The big challenge for the adoption of RAMI 4.0 is the implementation of compatible solutions, such as equipment, systems and standards that support the functionalities of each layer and the interactions required among the elements distributed along the three axes of RAMI 4.0 [8].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Melo, P.F.S., and Godoy, E.P. (2019, January 4–6). Controller Interface for Industry 4.0 based on RAMI 4.0 and OPC UA. Proceedings of the 2019 II Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 and IoT (MetroInd4.0&IoT), Naples, Italy.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Open-source hardware and software can provide adequate robustness required in industrial applications, with the advantage of open and customizable solutions.

    “These papers show that open-source hardware and software can provide adequate robustness required in industrial applications, with the advantage of open and customizable solutions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [11] Minchala, L.I., Peralta, J., Mata-Quevedo, P., and Rojas, J. (2020). An Approach to Industrial Automation Based on Low-Cost Embedded Platforms and Open Software. Appl. Sci., 10. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] González, I., Calderón, A.J., and Portalo, J.M. (2021). Innovative Multi-Layered Architecture for Heterogeneous Automation and Monitoring Systems: Application Case of a Photovoltaic Smart Microgrid. Sustainability, 13. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [13] Ali, A.S., Coté, C., Heidarinejad, M., and Stephens, B. (2019). Elemental: An Open-Source Wireless Hardware and Software Platform for Building Energy and Indoor Environmental Monitoring and Control. Sensors, 19. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The control device comprises additional requirements that traditional automation controllers (e.g., PLC) cannot yet fulfill, such as support to service-oriented paradigm, interoperability between heterogeneous systems, reconfigurability and support to plug-and-play features, and usage of information models to overcome strict information encapsulation of controllers.

    “The control device comprises additional requirements that traditional automation controllers (e.g., PLC) cannot yet fulfill [10], such as the support to service-oriented paradigm, the interoperability between heterogeneous systems, the reconfigurability and support to plug-and-play features and the usage of information models to overcome the strict information encapsulation of controllers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Langmann, R., and Stiller, M. (2019). The PLC as a Smart Service in Industry 4.0 Production Systems. Appl. Sci., 9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    RAMI 4.0 is an abstract model, not an implementation guide, which hinders its current adoption and full deployment.

    “Despite its adoption in I4.0 projects, RAMI 4.0 is an abstract model, not an implementation guide, which hinders its current adoption and full deployment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Melo, P.F.S., and Godoy, E.P. (2019, January 4–6). Controller Interface for Industry 4.0 based on RAMI 4.0 and OPC UA. Proceedings of the 2019 II Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 and IoT (MetroInd4.0&IoT), Naples, Italy.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The fact that the OpenPLC project does not support any RFID reader and an API had to be developed limits the control device's application flexibility or at least would require integration rework in case of using different solutions.

    “This fact can be seen as the main disadvantage of the control device, as it limits its application flexibility or at least would require any integration rework in case of using different solutions from the ones described.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The OpenPLC project does not support any RFID reader.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This development serves as a proof of concept of a RAMI 4.0 compatible open-source control device and can be adapted for a manufacturing system aiming to fulfill the requirements of I4.0 applications.

    “This development serves as a proof of concept of a RAMI 4.0 compatible open-source control device and can be adapted for a manufacturing system aiming to fulfill the requirements of I4.0 applications.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The logical and operational results validated the control device development and shown the availability of capacity for future deployments and improvements.

    “In a nutshell, the logical and operational results validated the control device development and shown the availability of capacity for future deployments and improvements.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The digital world is composed of the upper layers, from the communication up to the business, depending on the element.

    “The digital world is composed of the upper layers, from the communication up to the business, depending on the element.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] Fuchs, J., Schmidt, J., Franke, J., Rehman, K., Sauer, M., and Karnouskos, S. (2019, January 10–13). I4.0-compliant integration of assets utilizing the Asset Administration Shell. Proceedings of the 2019 24th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), Zaragoza, Spain. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Both methodologies (control device information structure and administration shell) structurally have a similar meaning in the specification of concepts, such as assets x nodes; property of assets x attributes and variables of objects, submodels x object; resource manager x address space.

    “Therefore, both methodologies structurally have a similar meaning in the specification of concepts, such as assets x nodes; property of assets x attributes and variables of objects, submodels x object; resource manager x address space.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The physical world is composed of elements of the asset and integration layers of RAMI 4.0.

    “The physical world is composed of elements of the asset and integration layers of RAMI 4.0.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] Fuchs, J., Schmidt, J., Franke, J., Rehman, K., Sauer, M., and Karnouskos, S. (2019, January 10–13). I4.0-compliant integration of assets utilizing the Asset Administration Shell. Proceedings of the 2019 24th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), Zaragoza, Spain. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Considering the control device element of RAMI 4.0, the digital world would include interactions up to the information layer.

    “Considering the control device element of RAMI 4.0, the digital world would include interactions up to the information layer.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    An I4.0 component is the combination of objects from both the physical and the digital world.

    “Reference [38] describes that an I4.0 component is the combination of objects from both the physical and the digital world.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] Fuchs, J., Schmidt, J., Franke, J., Rehman, K., Sauer, M., and Karnouskos, S. (2019, January 10–13). I4.0-compliant integration of assets utilizing the Asset Administration Shell. Proceedings of the 2019 24th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), Zaragoza, Spain. source

      Not checked in the free run.

36 of 36

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Currently, solutions readily available on the market covering all the aspects of RAMI 4.0 are very few, if any.

    “Currently, solutions readily available on the market covering all the aspects of RAMI 4.0 are very few, if any.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The proprietary automation hardware and software that could be used to develop a RAMI 4.0 compatible control device are high-cost, proprietary and black boxes, so no developer customizations are allowed.

    “However, these are high-cost solutions besides being proprietary and black boxes, which means that no developer customizations are allowed.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Multiple connections from OPC UA clients are expected to happen in I4.0 scenarios.

    “Considering the nature of the control device operation in I4.0 scenarios, multiple connections from OPC UA clients are expected to happen.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    OPC UA is the RAMI 4.0 recommended protocol for the communication layer.

    “The node-opcua project was used for the implementation of the OPC UA protocol, which is RAMI 4.0 recommended protocol for the communication layer.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    RAMI 4.0 is abstract, so different perspectives and interpretations may be feasible according to the intended solution.

    “As RAMI 4.0 is abstract, different perspectives and interpretations may be feasible according to the intended solution.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The OpenPLC project does not support any RFID reader.

    “As the OpenPLC project does not support any RFID reader, an API of the reader used was developed and added to the core of the OpenPLC project.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The UniPi industrial IO connection board is already supported in the OpenPLC project.

    “For example, the industrial IO connection board used (UniPi) was selected because it is already supported in the OpenPLC project.”
7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Five address-space objects are claimed, but six are listed

    Minor

    The list names six objects, not five.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Wang, Y., Towara, T., and Anderl, R. (2017, January 25–27). Topological Approach for Mapping Technologies in Reference Architectural Model Industrie 4.0 (RAMI 4.0). Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science, vol II WCECS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
  2. Melo, P.F.S., and Godoy, E.P. (2019, January 4–6). Controller Interface for Industry 4.0 based on RAMI 4.0 and OPC UA. Proceedings of the 2019 II Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 and IoT (MetroInd4.0&IoT), Naples, Italy.
  3. Schulte, D., and Colombo, W. (November, January 29). RAMI 4.0 Based Digitalization of an Industrial Plate Extruder System: Technical and Infrastructural Challenges. Proceedings of the IECON-43 rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Beijing, China.
  4. Hell, K., Kristofer, R., Hillmann, A., Luder, H., Ropke, J., Zawisza, J., and Schmidt, A. (2016, January 14–16). Demands on Virtual Representation of Physical Industrie 4.0 Components. Proceedings of the 2nd INCOSE Italy Conference on Systems Engineering, Turin, Italy.
  5. Alves, T.R., Buratto, M., Souza, F.M., and Rodrigues, T.V. (2014, January 10–13). OpenPLC: An Open Source Alternative to Automation. Proceedings of the IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC), San Jose, CA, USA.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Melo, P. F. S., Godoy, E. P., Ferrari, P., & Sisinni, E.
Affiliations
  • Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
  • University of Brescia (IT)
Corresponding author
Godoy, Eduardo P.
ORCID
Venue
Electronics
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-04-06
Volume
10
Issue
7
Pages
869
ISSN
2079-9292 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/electronics10070869
OpenAlex
W3143750100
Semantic Scholar
e9ebc6fbfda954f827e6ad5b8b10258207af9788
Cited by
35
References
25
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 4
FWCI
3.10
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Electronics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Brescia) (submittedVersion)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (18/19984-4)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Digital Transformation in Industry
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Industrial Automation and Control Systems
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems
Keywords
Industry 4.0, RAMI 4.0, reference architecture model, open-source hardware, open source software, distributed computing, digital engineering, manufacturing systems

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review