The Impacts of High V2G Participation in a 100% Renewable Åland Energy System
Open accessAbstract
A 100% renewable energy (RE) scenario featuring high participation in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services was developed for the Åland islands for 2030 using the EnergyPLAN modelling tool. Hourly data was analysed to determine the roles of various energy storage solutions, notably V2G connections that extended into electric boat batteries. Two weeks of interest (max/min RE) generation were studied in detail to determine the roles of energy storage solutions. Participation in V2G connections facilitated high shares of variable RE on a daily and weekly basis. In a Sustainable Mobility scenario, high participation in V2G (2750 MWhe) resulted in less gas storage (1200 MWhth), electrolyser capacity (6.1 MWe), methanation capacity (3.9 MWhgas), and offshore wind power capacity (55 MWe) than other scenarios that featured lower V2G participation. Consequently, total annualised costs were lower (225 M€/a). The influence of V2G connections on seasonal storage is an interesting result for a relatively cold, northern geographic area. A key point is that stored electricity need not only be considered as storage for future use by the grid, but V2G batteries can provide a buffer between generation of intermittent RE and its end-use. Direct consumption of intermittent RE further reduces the need for storage and generation capacities.
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The enormous fleet of BEV in road transport allows large-scale demand response in the form of smart charging and vehicle-to-grid, leading to optimized variable renewable electricity system integration.
“In addition, the enormous fleet of BEV in road transport allows another form of large-scale demand response in the form of smart charging and vehicle-to-grid, both leading to optimized variable renewable electricity system integration [182,183].”
From Global Transportation Demand Development with Impacts on the Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Climate-Constrained World (2019) · cites this paper as [182]
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Jacobson, M. Z. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108786713.012
Jacobson, M. Z. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108786713.005
Jacobson, M. Z. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108786713.013
Jacobson, M. Z. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108786713.009
Evolution of the 100 Percent Movement and Policies Needed for a WWS Solution
Jacobson, M. Z. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108786713.010
Jacobson, M. Z. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108786713.001
Jacobson, M. Z. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108786713.014
Conceptualization of a Vehicle-to-Grid Assisted Renewable Energy System in SpainPreprint
Sagaria, S., van der Kam, M., & Boström, T. K. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4623638
Lisbona, P., Bailera, M., Peña, B., & Romeo, L. M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821672-9.00019-8
Huang, Q., & Wang, Z. (2025) · Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments · doi:10.1016/j.seta.2025.104760
Pourjamal, Y., Bogdanov, D., & Breyer, C. (2026) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.128475
Self-citation
- Authors
- Child, M., Nordling, A., & Breyer, C.
- Affiliations
- Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (FI)
- Åbo Akademi University (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Child, Michael
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-08-23
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2206
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2888069663
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 4.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Tekes (40101/14)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Integrated Energy Systems Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
- Keywords
- vehicle-to-grid, 100% renewable energy, energy storage, variable renewable energy, seasonal storage, gas storage, methanation, offshore wind energy, annualized cost, Åland Islands, EnergyPLAN
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