A Survey of Protocol-Level Challenges and Solutions for Distributed Energy Resource Cyber-Physical Security
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The increasing proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs) on the smart grid has made distributed solar and wind two key contributors to the expanding attack surface of the network; however, there is a lack of proper understanding and enforcement of DER communications security requirements. With vendors employing proprietary methods to mitigate hosts of attacks, the literature currently lacks a clear organization of the protocol-level vulnerabilities, attacks, and solutions mapped to each layer of the logical model such as the OSI stack. To bridge this gap and pave the way for future research by the authors in determining key DER security requirements, this paper conducts a comprehensive review of the key vulnerabilities, attacks, and potential solutions for solar and wind DERs at the protocol level. In doing so, this paper serves as a starting point for utilities, vendors, aggregators, and other industry stakeholders to develop a clear understanding of the DER security challenges and solutions, which are key precursors to comprehending security requirements.
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DNP3, GOOSE, and Modbus protocols transmit data without encryption, creating protocol-level challenges in securing cyber-physical systems within the energy distribution grid.
“Protocol-level challenges in securing cyber-physical systems within the energy distribution grid are apparent in Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3), GOOSE, and Modbus, as these protocols transmit data without encryption [55].”
From Impact, Vulnerabilities, and Mitigation Strategies for Cyber-Secure Critical Infrastructure. (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
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- Authors
- Sundararajan, A., Chavan, A., Saleem, D., & Sarwat, A. I.
- Affiliations
- Florida International University (US)
- Southern Methodist University (US)
- National Laboratory of the Rockies (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sarwat, Arif I.
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-09-06
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2360
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2891638970
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 9
- FWCI
- 3.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Florida International University Digital Commons (Florida International University) (submittedVersion)
- Florida International University Digital Commons (Florida International University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC36-08GO28308)
- National Science Foundation (1553494)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Smart Grid Security and Resilience
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Power Systems and Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid and Power Systems
- Keywords
- distributed energy resources, cyber-physical security, smart grid, protocol vulnerabilities, OSI model, secure communication, solar energy systems, wind energy systems, attack surface, security requirements
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