The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Bottom-Up Approach to Lithium-Ion Battery Cost Modeling with a Focus on Cathode Active Materials
Open accessAbstract
In this study, we develop a method for calculating electric vehicle lithium-ion battery pack performance and cost. To begin, we construct a model allowing for calculation of cell performance and material cost using a bottom-up approach starting with real-world material costs. It thus provides a supplement to existing models, which often begin with fixed cathode active material (CAM) prices that do not reflect raw metal price fluctuations. We collect and display data from the London Metal Exchange to show that such metal prices, in this case specifically cobalt and nickel, do indeed fluctuate and cannot be assumed to remain static or decrease consistently. We input this data into our model, which allows for a visualization of the effects of these metal price fluctuations on the prices of the CAMs. CAMs analyzed include various lithium transition metal oxide-type layered oxide (NMC and NCA) technologies, as well as cubic spinel oxide (LMO), high voltage spinel oxide (LNMO), and lithium metal phosphate (LFP). The calculated CAM costs are combined with additional cell component costs in order to calculate full cell costs, which are in turn scaled up to full battery pack costs. Economies of scale are accounted for separately for each cost fraction.
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Cites
Performance and cost of materials for lithium-based rechargeable automotive batteries
Schmuch, R., Wagner, R., Hörpel, G., Placke, T., & Winter, M. (2018) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-018-0107-2 · Cited by 3,233
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Blomgren, G. E. (2017) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0251701jes · Cited by 1,940
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Future generations of cathode materials: an automotive industry perspective
Andre, D., Kim, S.-J., Lamp, P., Lux, S. F., Maglia, F., Paschos, O., & Stiaszny, B. (2015) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c5ta00361j · Cited by 806
Methodology of Metal Criticality Determination
Graedel, T. E., Barr, R., Chandler, C., Chase, T., Choi, J., Christoffersen, L., Friedlander, E., Henly, C., Jun, C., Nassar, N. T., et al. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es203534z · Cited by 606
Cost Projection of State of the Art Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles Up to 2030
Berckmans, G., Messagie, M., Smekens, J., Omar, N., Vanhaverbeke, L., & Van Mierlo, J. (2017) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en10091314 · Cited by 578
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Cited by
Environmental impacts, pollution sources and pathways of spent lithium-ion batteries
Mrozik, W., Rajaeifar, M. A., Heidrich, O., & Christensen, P. (2021) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/d1ee00691f · Cited by 1,028
Li, J., Fleetwood, J., Hawley, W. B., & Kays, W. (2022) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00565 · Cited by 895
A non-academic perspective on the future of lithium-based batteries
Frith, J. T., Lacey, M. J., & Ulissi, U. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-35933-2 · Cited by 820
Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials
Baars, J., Domenech, T., Bleischwitz, R., Melin, H. E., & Heidrich, O. (2020) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-020-00607-0 · Cited by 641
Zeng, A., Chen, W., Rasmussen, K. D., Zhu, X., Lundhaug, M., Müller, D. B., Tan, J., Keiding, J. K., Liu, L., Dai, T., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29022-z · Cited by 325
Metadata
- Authors
- Wentker, M., Greenwood, M., & Leker, J.
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-02-05
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 504
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2913879085
- Cited by
- 268
- References
- 21
- FWCI
- 12.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
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- Wentker, M., Greenwood, M., & Leker, J. (2019). A Bottom-Up Approach to Lithium-Ion Battery Cost Modeling with a Focus on Cathode Active Materials. Energies. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030504
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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