The Properties of Diesel Blends with Tire Pyrolysis Oil and Their Wear-Related Parameters
Open accessAbstract
This research presents the impact of diesel blends with tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) as an additive for minimizing the wear and tear of engine components. This study investigates the blends of normative diesel oil with TPO content ranging from 5% m/m to 20% m/m. Reference measurements are made for pure diesel oil (D100) and pure TPO. This investigation included an evaluation of the corrosion effect and the effect of the fuels tested on abrasive wear. For each fuel, the sulfur content, water content, lubricity (which is defined as the corrected average diameter of the wear trace during the high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) test), and impurity content are determined. Impurities are assessed using indicators such as ash residue, coking residue from 10% distillation residue, determination of wear metals and contaminants, insoluble impurity content, and total sediment by hot filtration. All parameters are determined using recognized methods described in international standards. Approximation models are built for all the analyzed parameters, which can be used in future studies. At the same time, the individual values of the analyzed factors are compared with the threshold values specified in selected standards and regulations. Consequently, it is possible to assess the usefulness of individual fuels in terms of meeting the requirements for minimum wear of engine components. The results show the suitability of pyrolysis oil and the potential for its use as an additive to fossil fuels in terms of meeting most factors. Some of the fuels tested did not meet the standards for acceptable sulfur content. However, in terms of sulfur content, all of the analyzed fuels can be used to power watercraft and land-based power and thermal power plants equipped with flue gas desulphurization systems. A second indicator for not meeting the standards is the ash residue value, which indicates the high content of non-combustible, mainly metallic, substances in the pyrolysis oil used for the tests. Post-recycled oils must, therefore, undergo appropriate purification before being used as an additive to diesel fuels for internal combustion engines. Once the post-recycling oil has been subjected to desulfurization and advanced filtration, it can be used as a fuel additive for land vehicles, which fits in with closed-loop economies and sustainable development strategies.
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Desulfurization, distillation, and filtration are key upgrading steps for tire pyrolysis oil.
“Key upgrading steps are therefore essential, prominently including desulfurization to reduce its high sulfur content, for which various chemical and catalytic methods are being explored, alongside other refining processes like distillation and filtration [358,359].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [358]
The Abstract and Conclusions identify desulfurization and filtration as treatments needed for tire pyrolysis oil in certain fuel applications. They do not identify distillation as an upgrading step or discuss chemical and catalytic desulfurization methods; the copy’s mention of “distillation fuels” is a fuel-category label, not a proposed treatment. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHigh sulfur content (0.5-2.0 wt.%) in tire pyrolysis oil leads to SOx emissions and engine wear, and viscosity and impurities necessitate post-treatment, hindering direct use in internal combustion engines.
“Key disadvantages hindering direct TPO use in internal combustion engines include its high sulfur content (0.5-2.0 wt.%), leading to SOx emissions and engine wear, alongside other issues like viscosity and impurities that necessitate post-treatment.”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [358]
The Introduction links sulfur combustion to SOx and corrosion-related engine wear, and the Conclusions call for desulfurization and filtration for land transportation because of emissions and effects on engine components. Table 3 shows TPO has higher viscosity than diesel, but the paper does not identify viscosity as a reason post-treatment is necessary; the searched passages also do not establish the claimed 0.5–2.0 wt.% sulfur range. The Conclusions note that some TPO blends can be used in marine engines without additional sulfur-reduction systems. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Chybowski, L., Szczepanek, M., Pusty, T., Brożek, P., Pełech, R., & Wieczorek, A.
- Affiliations
- Maritime University of Szczecin (PL)
- West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Szczepanek, Marcin
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2025-02-21
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1057
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4407841070
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2
- FWCI
- 0.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Science and Higher Education (MEiN) of Poland (1/S/KSO/24)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Lubricants and Their Additives
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biodiesel Production and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes › Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies
- Keywords
- tire pyrolysis oil, diesel fuel blends, fuel additives, engine wear, lubricity, high-frequency reciprocating rig, ash residue, wear metals, sulfur content, fuel impurities, recycled tires, desulfurization, closed-loop economy
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