Chlorella protothecoides Microalgae as an Alternative Fuel for Tractor Diesel Engines
Open accessAbstract
Biodiesel has attracted a great deal attention recently as an alternative fuel due to increasing fuel prices and the imperative to reduce emissions. Among a wide range of biodiesel resources, microalgae are a promising alternative fuel source because of the high biomass, lipid productivity and environmentally friendliness. Microalgae is also a non-edible food, therefore, there will be no impact on the human food supply chain. In this work, petroleum diesel (PD) and biodiesel from the microalgae Chlorella protothecoides (MCP-B20) blend have been used to examine the performance and the emission of a 25.8 kW agriculture tractor engine. Two engine speeds at maximum power take off (PTO) power and torque have been selected for analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that there is no significant difference between the engine performance when microalgae biodiesel blend (MCP-B20) and PD were used. However, a significant reduction in CO, CO2 and NO emissions was found when MCP-B20 was used. These outcomes give strong indication that microalgae can be successfully used in tractors as alternative fuel.
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Both Dunaliella salina and Chlorella protothecoides have viscosities close to fossil fuel values, but the majority of listed algal biodiesels have significantly higher viscosities that remain within acceptable ranges.
“Both Dunaliella salina and Chlorella protothecoides have viscosities close to fossil fuel values, but the majority listed are significantly higher but within acceptable ranges.”
From Key Targets for Improving Algal Biofuel Production (2021) · cites this paper as [121]
Table 2 in the paper’s fuel-properties data lists Chlorella protothecoides biodiesel at 2.8 cp and petroleum diesel at 2.525 cp (both at 40 °C), supporting the close-viscosity comparison for Chlorella. Our copy does not provide a viscosity for Dunaliella salina or a list of algal biodiesels from which to assess the claimed majority or their acceptable ranges. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHigh fuel viscosity increases flow resistance and affects fuel atomisation and combustion rate.
“High fuel viscosity increases flow resistance and affects the fuel atomisation and combustion rate [121].”
From Key Targets for Improving Algal Biofuel Production (2021) · cites this paper as [121]
The Introduction says transesterification reduces viscosity, and Table 2 (shown under Conclusions; page unavailable) lists fuel viscosities. Neither passage, nor the passages found by searching for flow resistance and atomisation, says that high viscosity increases flow resistance or affects atomisation and combustion rate. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Al-lwayzy, S., & Yusaf, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Mosul (IQ)
- University of Southern Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Yusaf, Talal
- ORCID
- Yusaf, Talal
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2013-02-06
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 766-783
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2088997510
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 3.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland) (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biodiesel Production and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes › Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies
- Keywords
- Chlorella protothecoides, microalgae biodiesel, diesel engine performance, tractor engines, biodiesel blends, vehicle emissions, carbon monoxide emissions, nitric oxide emissions, CO2 emissions, alternative fuels, non-food biomass
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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