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Cited by 59Wood Treatment and PropertiesBamboo properties and applicationsEngineering Structural Analysis Methods

Adhesive-and Metal-Free Assembly Techniques for Prefabricated Multi-Layer Engineered Wood Products: A Review on Wooden Connectors

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Han, Lei, Kutnar, Andreja, Sandak, Jakub, Šušteršič, Iztok, Sandberg, Dick·2023·Forests
DOI 10.3390/f14020311
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Abstract

Engineered wood products (EWPs) are being increasingly used as construction materials. EWPs are currently being made using synthetic adhesives or metal fasteners, which lead to poor recyclability and reusability. Therefore, this review paper focused on emerging adhesive- and metal-free assembling techniques including wood dowels, rotary-dowel welding, wooden nails, and dovetail joining as alternative ways of making prefabricated EWPs. This will contribute towards green construction and optimising the building process to minimise its negative impact on the environment and its inhabitants, while maximising the positive aspects of the finished structure. The respective advantages and shortcomings will be compared with those of equivalent EWPs. In general, the dowel-laminated timber (DLT) provides sufficient load-bearing capacity and even better ductility than EWPs of equivalent size, but its relatively low stiffness under a bending load limits its application as a structural element. Optimised manufacturing parameters such as dowel species, dowel spacing, dowel diameter, dowel insertion angle, dowel shape, etc. could be studied to improve the stiffness. The improved mechanical properties and tight fitting due to set-recovery of densified wood support its use as sustainable alternatives to hardwood dowels in DLT to overcome problems such as the loosening of connections over time and dimensional instability. The rotary welding technology could also enhance the strength and long-term performance of dowel-type joints, but its poor water resistance needs further investigation. The main obstacles to implementing DLT products in the market are missing technical information and design guidelines based on national codes.

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Han, L., Kutnar, A., Sandak, J., Šušteršič, I., & Sandberg, D.
Affiliations
  • University of Primorska (SI)
  • Luleå University of Technology (SE)
Corresponding author
Sandberg, Dick
ORCID
Venue
Forests
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-02-05
Volume
14
Issue
2
Pages
311
ISSN
1999-4907 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/f14020311
OpenAlex
W4319316123
Cited by
59
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 20 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7
FWCI
7.09
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Forests (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Epubl LTU (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • European Commission (#739574, J4-3087)
  • Slovenian Research Agency ARRS (#739574, J4-3087)
  • the CT WOOD—a centre of excellence at Luleå University of Technology (#739574, J4-3087)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Wood Treatment and Properties
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Bamboo properties and applications
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Engineering Structural Analysis Methods
Keywords
engineered wood products, prefabricated timber construction, densified wood, sustainable construction

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