Experimental and analytical evaluation of shear capacity of reclaimed timber connections with thermo-mechanically densified wooden dowels
Open accessAbstract
The reuse of reclaimed timber in structural applications is increasingly recognized as a strategy to extend material life cycles and reduce waste. Particular attention has recently turned to reusing reclaimed timber in adhesive-free laminated products with wooden dowels, where connection performance is critical. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical performance of double-shear connections assembled from reclaimed spruce timber using thermo-mechanically densified wooden dowels. The dowels were first evaluated in bending and embedment tests on lamellae made from both reclaimed and virgin spruce timber. The shear capacity of the connections was then evaluated in three layups: two homogeneous (all-reclaimed lamellae and all-virgin spruce lamellae) and one hybrid (reclaimed side lamellae with a central virgin spruce lamella). Analytical predictions were performed based on the draft of the new Eurocode 5, however, with two alternative definitions of dowel bending resistance (ultimate moment M u and yield moment M y ), and three alternative definitions of embedment strength ( f h 0.05 d calculated using the 0.05 d offset method, f h F max calculated from F max , and f h 0.8 F max calculated from 0.8 F max ). The three lamellae layups exhibited relatively similar mean capacities (7.3–8.3 kN). The all-reclaimed connections were on average 13 % stronger than the other assemblies, but this was not statistically significant. Among the model input variants, M u with f h…
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the absence of codified routes, reused timber faces significant barriers to circulation in mainstream markets, regardless of its demonstrated performance.
“In the absence of such routes, reused timber faces significant barriers to circulation in mainstream markets, regardless of its demonstrated performance (Derikvand and Khoshroodi 2025).”
From Reusing timber for a circular, low-carbon future: Challenges and the path forward (2026) · cites this paper as Derikvand and Khoshroodi 2025
Cites
Niu, Y., Rasi, K., Hughes, M., Halme, M., & Fink, G. (2021) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105555 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Design for adaptability, disassembly and reuse – A review of reversible timber connection systems
Ottenhaus, L.-M., Yan, Z., Brandner, R., Leardini, P., Fink, G., & Jockwer, R. (2023) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132823 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Piccardo, C., & Hughes, M. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133083 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
El-Houjeyri, I., Thi, V. D., Oudjène, M., Khelifa, M., Rogaume, Y., Sotayo, A., & Guan, Z. (2019) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.163 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Han, L., Kutnar, A., Sandak, J., Šušteršič, I., & Sandberg, D. (2023) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f14020311 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Investigations on densified beech wood for application as a swelling dowel in timber joints
Grönquist, P., Schnider, T., Thoma, A., Gramazio, F., Köhler, M., Burgert, I., & Rüggeberg, M. (2019) · Holzforschung · doi:10.1515/hf-2018-0106 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Grading of recovered Norway spruce (Picea abies) timber for structural purposes
Llana, D. F., Íñiguez-González, G., Plos, M., & Turk, G. (2023) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132440 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Giordano, L., Derikvand, M., & Fink, G. (2023) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings13010199 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhancing circularity of wood waste through deconstruction in building sector
Zhu, S., & Feng, H. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.144382 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mechanical Performance of Timber-to-Timber Joints with Densified Wood Dowels
Xu, B.-H., Jiao, S.-Y., Wang, B.-L., & Bouchaïr, A. (2022) · Journal of Structural Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0003317 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ottenhaus, L.-M., Li, Z., & Crews, K. I. (2022) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128130 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Derikvand, M., Hosseinzadeh, S., & Fink, G. (2021) · Journal of Architectural Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)ae.1943-5568.0000513 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationFu, H., Li, Z., Alhaddad, W., & He, M. (2024) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135248 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Asa, P., Feghali, C. E., Steixner, C., Tahouni, Y., Wagner, H. J., Knippers, J., & Menges, A. (2024) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135096 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Pasca, D. P., Aloisio, A., De Santis, Y., Burkart, H., & Øvrum, A. (2025) · Engineering Structures · doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119218 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tomasi, R., Santis, Y. D., Aloisio, A., Crocetti, R., Sæby, V. H., & Nyrud, A. Q. (2025) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142692 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Aloisio, A., Wang, Y., Crocetti, R., Nyrud, A. Q., & Tomasi, R. (2025) · Engineering Structures · doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120271 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Khan, I. U., Subhani, M., Ghabraie, K., & Ashraf, M. (2025) · European Journal of Wood and Wood Products · doi:10.1007/s00107-025-02293-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Derikvand, M., & Fink, G. (2023) · World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023) · doi:10.52202/069179-0092 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationLIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF END-OF-LIFE OPTIONS OF DEMOLITION WASTE WOOD IN NEW ZEALAND
Liang, H., & Raftery, G. M. (2025) · World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE) · doi:10.52202/080513-0326 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Khan, I. U., Subhani, M., Ghabraie, K., & Ashraf, M. (2026) · European Journal of Wood and Wood Products · doi:10.1007/s00107-025-02373-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Reusing timber for a circular, low-carbon future: Challenges and the path forward
InnoRenew CoE, U. I. &. U. F., & Derikvand, M. (2026) · BioResources · doi:10.15376/biores.21.2.2771-2773 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In the absence of such routes, reused timber faces significant barriers to circulation in mainstream markets, regardless of its demonstrated performance (Derikvand and Khoshroodi 2025).”
Self-citationAloisio, A., Wang, Y., Pelliciari, M., Liu, Y., & Fragiacomo, M. (2026) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.123076
Duyck, A., Avez, C., Parys, L. V., & Descamps, T. (2026) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.147037
Hybrid wood species design for structural elements: experimental investigations at two scales
Ruan, G., & Foged, I. W. (2026) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.147562
Derikvand, M., Srejić, O., Schwarzkopf, M., & Mrissa, M. (2026) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.148132
Self-citation
- Authors
- Derikvand, M., & Khoshroodi, D. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Primorska (SI)
- Corresponding author
- Derikvand, Mohammad
- Venue
- Construction and Building Materials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-12
- Volume
- 504
- Pages
- 144613
- ISSN
- 0950-0618 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4416683801
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5
- FWCI
- 2.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Construction and Building Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Repository of the University of Primorsk (University of Primorska) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency
- European Commission (101180622)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Wood Treatment and Properties
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Structural Load-Bearing Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Bamboo properties and applications
- Keywords
- reclaimed timber, wooden dowels, double shear connections, shear capacity, spruce wood, embedment strength, Eurocode 5, empirical design methods, wood reuse
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
