Communication Protocols of an Industrial Internet of Things Environment: A Comparative Study
Open accessAbstract
Most industrial and SCADA-like (supervisory control and data acquisition) systems use proprietary communication protocols, and hence interoperability is not fulfilled. However, the MODBUS TCP is an open de facto standard, and is used for some automation and telecontrol systems. It is based on a polling mechanism and follows the synchronous request–response pattern, as opposed to the asynchronous publish–subscribe pattern. In this study, polling-based and event-based protocols are investigated to realize an open and interoperable Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) environment. Many Internet of Things (IoT) protocols are introduced and compared, and the message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) is chosen as the event-based, publish–subscribe protocol. The study shows that MODBUS defines an optimized message structure in the application layer, which is dedicated to industrial applications. In addition, it shows that an event-oriented IoT protocol complements the MODBUS TCP but cannot replace it. Therefore, two scenarios are proposed to build the IIoT environment. The first scenario is to consider the MODBUS TCP as an IoT protocol, and build the environment using the MODBUS TCP on a standalone basis. The second scenario is to use MQTT in conjunction with the MODBUS TCP. The first scenario is efficient and complies with most industrial applications where the request–response pattern is needed only. If the publish–subscribe pattern is needed, the MQTT in the second scenario complements the MODBUS TCP and eliminates the need for a gateway; however, MQTT lacks interoperability. To maintain a homogeneous message structure for the entire environment, industrial data are organized using the structure of MODBUS messages, formatted in the UTF-8, and then transferred in the payload of an MQTT publish message. The open and interoperable environment can be used for Internet SCADA, Internet-based monitoring, and industrial control systems.
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IIoT implementation in I4.0 manufacturing plants provides numerous benefits in process optimization, cost reduction, enhancing product and control quality, and overall functionality.
“There are numerous benefits in process optimization, cost reduction, enhancing product and control quality [19], [20], and overall functionality from IIoT implementation in the I4.0 manufacturing plants leveraging multiple information sources of interconnected devices and their computational capabilities.”
From SCADA Systems With Focus on Continuous Manufacturing and Steel Industry: A Survey on Architectures, Standards, Challenges and Industry 5.0 (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes IoT as a cost-effective ecosystem applicable to industrial environments, and identifies manufacturing as an IIoT application. That provides broad support for a cost benefit, but the paper does not establish that IIoT implementation in Industry 4.0 plants reduces costs or improves process optimization, product and control quality, or overall functionality. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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- Authors
- Jaloudi, S.
- Affiliations
- Al-Quds Open University (PS)
- Corresponding author
- Jaloudi, Samer
- ORCID
- Jaloudi, Samer
- Venue
- Future Internet
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-03-07
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 66
- ISSN
- 1999-5903 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2919320025
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8
- FWCI
- 9.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Future Internet (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Industrial Automation and Control Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › IoT Networks and Protocols
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Digital Transformation in Industry
- Keywords
- Industrial Internet of Things, Modbus TCP, MQTT, publish/subscribe protocol, request-response communication, interoperability, SCADA, message queuing, UTF-8
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