Cited by 172Fermentation and Sensory AnalysisHorticultural and Viticultural ResearchBiochemical and biochemical processes

Secondary Aroma: Influence of Wine Microorganisms in Their Aroma Profile

Open access
Carpena, Maria, Fraga-Corral, Maria, Otero, Paz, Nogueira, Raquel A., Garcia-Oliveira, Paula, Prieto, Miguel A., Simal-Gandara, Jesus·2020·Foods

Abstract

Aroma profile is one of the main features for the acceptance of wine. Yeasts and bacteria are the responsible organisms to carry out both, alcoholic and malolactic fermentation. Alcoholic fermentation is in turn, responsible for transforming grape juice into wine and providing secondary aromas. Secondary aroma can be influenced by different factors; however, the influence of the microorganisms is one of the main agents affecting final wine aroma profile. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has historically been the most used yeast for winemaking process for its specific characteristics: high fermentative metabolism and kinetics, low acetic acid production, resistance to high levels of sugar, ethanol, sulfur dioxide and also, the production of pleasant aromatic compounds. Nevertheless, in the last years, the use of non-saccharomyces yeasts has been progressively growing according to their capacity to enhance aroma complexity and interact with S. cerevisiae, especially in mixed cultures. Hence, this review article is aimed at associating the main secondary aroma compounds present in wine with the microorganisms involved in the spontaneous and guided fermentations, as well as an approach to the strain variability of species, the genetic modifications that can occur and their relevance to wine aroma construction.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/foods10010051

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138 of 138 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Benzyl alcohol possesses a sweet, rose-like, and honey-like aroma, produced through deamination, hydroxylation, and reduction of phenylalanine.

    “It possesses a sweet, rose-like, and honey-like aroma, which is produced through the deamination, hydroxylation, and reduction of phenylalanine [36,94].”

    From The Metabolic Pathways of Yeast and Acetic Acid Bacteria During Fruit Vinegar Fermentation and Their Influence on Flavor Development (2025) · cites this paper as [94]

    Section 4.1 (Yeasts; page unavailable) lists benzyl alcohol among alcohols implicated in wine flavors. Section 2.2 (Higher Alcohols; page unavailable) discusses floral and honey notes and amino-acid catabolism for higher alcohols generally, but does not assign the claimed sweet, rose-like, honey-like aroma or the specified phenylalanine pathway to benzyl alcohol. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae releases volatile sulfides, such as 3-thiohexanol-1-ol, by cleaving carbon-sulfur bonds of glutathione and cysteine.

    “Saccharomyces cerevisiae releases volatile sulfides, such as 3-thiohexanol-1-ol, by cleaving the carbon–sulfur bonds of glutathione and cysteine.”

    From The Metabolic Pathways of Yeast and Acetic Acid Bacteria During Fruit Vinegar Fermentation and Their Influence on Flavor Development (2025) · cites this paper as [94]

    Section 3, “Saccharomyces Cerevisiae” (page not provided), discusses sulfur compounds and the selection of S. cerevisiae strains that produce less sulfur dioxide. It does not say that the yeast releases 3-thiohexanol-1-ol or that it cleaves carbon–sulfur bonds in glutathione and cysteine to do so. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • This process imparts a distinctive thiol flavor to wines.

    “This process imparts a distinctive thiol flavor to wines [94,95].”

    From The Metabolic Pathways of Yeast and Acetic Acid Bacteria During Fruit Vinegar Fermentation and Their Influence on Flavor Development (2025) · cites this paper as [94]

    Section 1.1 says fermentation provides secondary aromas to wine, supporting the general claim that the process affects flavor. The passages do not identify a distinctive thiol flavor; a search for “thiol” found no passage making that connection. The indexed copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Benzyl alcohol typically exhibits the highest odor activity value among alcohols in vinegar.

    “Benzyl alcohol typically exhibits the highest odor activity value among the alcohols in vinegar.”

    From The Metabolic Pathways of Yeast and Acetic Acid Bacteria During Fruit Vinegar Fermentation and Their Influence on Flavor Development (2025) · cites this paper as [94]

    Section 4.1 lists benzyl alcohol among compounds implicated in wine flavor, and Section 4.2 links it to Gluconobacter in wine. Searches for benzyl alcohol and odor activity values found no passage comparing alcohols’ odor activity values in vinegar or identifying benzyl alcohol as the highest. (LLM, conf=0.74)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cites

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1 of the 139 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. [30]National Center for Biotechnology NCBI Taxonomy Browser Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi (accessed on 15 November 2020)
  2. [54]Carrau F. Native yeasts for low input winemaking: Searching for wine diversity and increased complexity Advances in Applied Microbiology V. 111 Academic Press Cambridge, MA, USA 2006 33 39
  3. [82]Manzanares P. Past and Future of Non-Saccharomyces Yeasts: From Spoilage Microorganisms to Biotechnological Tools for Improving Wine Aroma Past and Future of Non-Saccharomyces Yeasts: From Spoilage Microorganisms to Biotechnological Tools for Improving Wine Aroma Co Front. Microbiol. 2016 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00411 PMC4814449 27065975 · DOI
  4. [107]Gil-Sánchez I. Bartolomé Suáldea B. Victoria Moreno-Arribas M. Malolactic Fermentation Red Wine Technology Morata A. Academic Press Cambridge, MA, USA 2018 85 98 9780128144008
  5. [124]Amaresan N. Annapurna K. Sankaranarayanan A.M. Senthil Kumar K.K. Mitesh Dwivedi Gluconobacter Beneficial Microbes in Agro-Ecology Academic Press Cambridge, MA, USA 2020 521 544 978-0-12-823414-3
  6. [126]Belda I. Gobbi A. Ruiz J. de Celis M. Ortiz-Álvarez R. Acedo A. Santos A. Microbiomics to Define Wine Terroir Comprehensive Foodomics Cifuentes A. Elsevier Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2021 438 451 978-0-12-816396-2

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Authors
Carpena, M., Fraga-Corral, M., Otero, P., Nogueira, R. A., Garcia-Oliveira, P., Prieto, M. A., & Simal-Gandara, J.
Affiliations
  • Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
  • Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (ES)
  • Universidade de Vigo (ES)
  • Universidade Politécnica de Bragança (PT)
Corresponding author
Prieto, Miguel A.
Venue
Foods
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-12-27
Volume
10
Issue
1
Pages
51
ISSN
2304-8158 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3114274140
Cited by
172
References
139
Citations by year
2026: 30 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 4
FWCI
1.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Foods (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Investigo repository of University of Vigo (University of Vigo) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Investigo Institutional repository of UVigo (Universidade de Vigo) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • European Commission
  • Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (RYC 2017, RYC‐2017‐22891, IJCI-2016-27774)
  • Universidade de Vigo (ED481B-2019/096, ED481A-2019/295)
  • Xunta de Galicia (ED481A, ED481A-2019/295, ED481B‐2019‐096, ED481B-)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Fermentation and Sensory Analysis
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Horticultural and Viticultural Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Biochemical and biochemical processes
Keywords
wine aroma profile, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, non-Saccharomyces yeasts, mixed yeast cultures, malolactic fermentation, alcoholic fermentation, wine spoilage bacteria, aroma compounds, strain differences, spontaneous fermentation

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