Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 22

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Anti-Inflammation and Protective Effects of Anethum graveolens L. (Dill Seeds) on Esophageal Mucosa Damages in Reflux Esophagitis-Induced Rats

Nam, Hyeon-Hwa, Nan, Li, Choo, Byung-Kil·2021·Foods
DOI 10.3390/foods10102500PMC PMC8535990
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Anethum graveolens L. (dill seeds) are important medicinal and functional foods in Europe and central and south Asia, often used as a seasoning in daily diets. Anethum graveolens L. seeds (AGS) are used to treat indigestion and have shown physiological activities such as those against hypoglycemia and gastroesophageal disease. This study explored the protective effects of AGS extract on mucosal damages and inflammation in reflux esophagitis rats. AGS inhibited cellular inflammation including NO production and the expression of inflammatory proteins (iNOS and COX2 etc.), cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and nuclear transfer factor related to NF-κB signaling caused by LPS stimulation in vitro. Furthermore, reflux esophagitis-induced rats were used to observe the anti-inflammatory effect of AGS. Tissue staining and inflammation-related protein expression of rats with acute reflux esophagitis indicated that AGS improved this inflammatory response, such as COX-2 and TNF-α in mucosa. In conclusion, AGS have good physiological activity and the possibility of being used as a medicinal food and a functional resource for the prevention and therapy of gastroesophageal diseases.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/foods10102500

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Effects of Anethum graveolens L. seeds (AGS) in cell cytotoxicity and nitrite oxide (NO) production. Cells treated with the AGS (12.5, 25, 50 μg/mL) and LPS (1 μg/mL) for 18 h. Effect of AGS on morphological transformation (A), cell viability (B) and production of NO (C) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Scale bar was 200 μm. Data were expressed as mean ± SD of duplicate experiment. Statistical analysis was performed for LPS compared with normal cells (### p < 0.001) and each sample compared with LPS-induced cells (*** p < 0.001).
Figure 1 Effects of Anethum graveolens L. seeds (AGS) in cell cytotoxicity and nitrite oxide (NO) production. Cells treated with the AGS (12.5, 25, 50 μg/mL) and LPS (1 μg/mL) for 18 h. Effect of AGS on morphological transformation (A), cell viability (B) and production of NO (C) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Scale bar was 200 μm. Data were expressed as mean ± SD of duplicate experiment. Statistical analysis was performed for LPS compared with normal cells (### p < 0.001) and each sample compared with LPS-induced cells (*** p < 0.001).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Inhibition effect of Anethum graveolens L. seeds (AGS) on cytokines production. Inhibition effect of AGS on production of TNF-α (A) and IL-1β (B) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Cells treated with the AGS (12.5, 25, 50 μg/mL) and LPS (1 μg/mL) for 18h. Data were expressed as mean ± SD of duplicate experiment. Statistical analysis was performed for LPS compared with normal cells (### p < 0.001) and each sample compared with LPS-induced cells (*** p < 0.001).
Figure 2 Inhibition effect of Anethum graveolens L. seeds (AGS) on cytokines production. Inhibition effect of AGS on production of TNF-α (A) and IL-1β (B) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Cells treated with the AGS (12.5, 25, 50 μg/mL) and LPS (1 μg/mL) for 18h. Data were expressed as mean ± SD of duplicate experiment. Statistical analysis was performed for LPS compared with normal cells (### p < 0.001) and each sample compared with LPS-induced cells (*** p < 0.001).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Inhibition effect of Anethum graveolens L. seeds (AGS) on expression of inflammatory proteins. Inhibition effect of AGS on expression level (A) of iNOS (B), COX-2 (C), p-NF-κB (D) and p-IκBα (E) proteins in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Cells treated with the AGS (12.5, 25, 50 μg/mL) and LPS (1 μg/mL) for 1h and 18h. Data were expressed as mean ± SD of duplicate experiment. Statistical analysis was performed for LPS compared with normal cells (### p < 0.001) and each sample compared with LPS-induced cells (* p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.001).
Figure 3 Inhibition effect of Anethum graveolens L. seeds (AGS) on expression of inflammatory proteins. Inhibition effect of AGS on expression level (A) of iNOS (B), COX-2 (C), p-NF-κB (D) and p-IκBα (E) proteins in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Cells treated with the AGS (12.5, 25, 50 μg/mL) and LPS (1 μg/mL) for 1h and 18h. Data were expressed as mean ± SD of duplicate experiment. Statistical analysis was performed for LPS compared with normal cells (### p < 0.001) and each sample compared with LPS-induced cells (* p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.001).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Inhibition the NF-kB Translocation by AGS. Inhibition effect of AGS nuclear transfer of NF-κB in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Cells treated with the AGS (12.5, 25, 50 μg/mL) and LPS (1 μg/mL) for 1 h.
Figure 4 Inhibition the NF-kB Translocation by AGS. Inhibition effect of AGS nuclear transfer of NF-κB in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Cells treated with the AGS (12.5, 25, 50 μg/mL) and LPS (1 μg/mL) for 1 h.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Observation of the esophageal mucosa damages. The sketch map of surgery of the reflux esophagitis rat model (A), representative microscopic image of the esophageal mucosa damage (B), ratio of esophageal damage (C), pH and volume of gastric contents (D), of the esophageal mucosa. Data were expressed as mean ± SD of duplicate experiment. Statistical analysis was performed for LPS compared with normal cells (### p < 0.001) and each sample compared with LPS-induced cells (*** p < 0.001).
Figure 5 Observation of the esophageal mucosa damages. The sketch map of surgery of the reflux esophagitis rat model (A), representative microscopic image of the esophageal mucosa damage (B), ratio of esophageal damage (C), pH and volume of gastric contents (D), of the esophageal mucosa. Data were expressed as mean ± SD of duplicate experiment. Statistical analysis was performed for LPS compared with normal cells (### p < 0.001) and each sample compared with LPS-induced cells (*** p < 0.001).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 The histological observation on esophageal mucosa. Scale bar was 200 μm.
Figure 6 The histological observation on esophageal mucosa. Scale bar was 200 μm.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 Expression of inflammatory proteins in esophagus. The expression of COX-2 (A) and TNF-α (B) in esophageal tissue. Data were expressed as mean ± SD of duplicate experiment. Statistical analysis was performed for LPS compared with normal cells (### p < 0.001) and each sample compared with LPS-induced cells (* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01).
Figure 7 Expression of inflammatory proteins in esophagus. The expression of COX-2 (A) and TNF-α (B) in esophageal tissue. Data were expressed as mean ± SD of duplicate experiment. Statistical analysis was performed for LPS compared with normal cells (### p < 0.001) and each sample compared with LPS-induced cells (* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 Phytochemistry and functional properties of Anethum graveolens seeds (AGS). Chromatogram of 70% ethanolic extract of AGS (A); chlorogenic acid at 10.2 min, linoleic acid at 35.1 min, and elaidic acid at 39.5 min using HPLC-ELSD and Luna C8 (2) column. Anti-inflammatory effects of chlorogenic acid (CA), linoleic acid (LA), and elaidic acid (EA) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells (B). Cells treated with the chlorogenic acid and elaidic acid (31.3, 62.5, 125 μM), linoleic acid (3.13, 6.25, 12.5 μM), and LPS (1 μg/mL) for 18h. Data were expressed as mean ± SD of duplicate experiment. Statistical analysis was performed for LPS compared with normal cells (### p < 0.001) and each sample compared with LPS-induced cells (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001).
Figure 8 Phytochemistry and functional properties of Anethum graveolens seeds (AGS). Chromatogram of 70% ethanolic extract of AGS (A); chlorogenic acid at 10.2 min, linoleic acid at 35.1 min, and elaidic acid at 39.5 min using HPLC-ELSD and Luna C8 (2) column. Anti-inflammatory effects of chlorogenic acid (CA), linoleic acid (LA), and elaidic acid (EA) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells (B). Cells treated with the chlorogenic acid and elaidic acid (31.3, 62.5, 125 μM), linoleic acid (3.13, 6.25, 12.5 μM), and LPS (1 μg/mL) for 18h. Data were expressed as mean ± SD of duplicate experiment. Statistical analysis was performed for LPS compared with normal cells (### p < 0.001) and each sample compared with LPS-induced cells (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001).CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 1 references

Research works printed but not linked: 43

  1. Mohammed, 2018, Anethum graveolens (dill)—A medicinal herb induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HepG2 cell line, J. Ethnopharmacol., 219, 15, 10.1016/j.jep.2018.03.008 · DOI · Paper page
  2. Talebi, 2020, Effect of dill (Anethum graveolens Linn) seed on the duration of labor: A systematic review, Complement Ther. Clin. Pract., 41, 101251, 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101251 · DOI
  3. Badar, 2008, Characteristics of Anethum graveolens (umbelliferae) seed oil: Extraction, composition and antimicrobial activity, Int. J. Agri. Biol., 10, 329
  4. Li, 2018, The antioxidation of different fractions of Dill (Anethum graveolens) and their influences on cytokines in macrophages RAW264.7, J. Oleo. Sci., 67, 1535, 10.5650/jos.ess18134 · DOI
  5. Chen, 2013, Antifungal mechanism of essential oil from Anethum graveolens seeds against Candida albicans, J. Med. Microbiol., 62, 1175, 10.1099/jmm.0.055467-0 · DOI
  6. Hosseinzadeh, H., Karimi, G.R., and Ameri, M. (2002). Effects of Anethum graveolens L. seed extracts on experimental gastric irritation models in mice. BMC Pharmacol., 2. · DOI · Paper page
  7. Eshwar, 2016, Comparison of Dill seed oil mouth rinse and chlorhexidine mouth rinse on plaque levels and gingivitis—A double blind randomized clinical trial, Open Dent. J., 10, 207, 10.2174/1874210601610010207 · DOI
  8. Kaur, 2019, Antioxidant activity of Anethum graveolens L. essential oil constituents and their chemical analogues, J. Food Biochem., 43, e12782, 10.1111/jfbc.12782 · DOI · Paper page
  9. Velioglu, 1998, Antioxidant activity and total phenolics in selected fruits, vegetables, and grain products, J. Agric. Food Chem., 46, 4113, 10.1021/jf9801973 · DOI
  10. Zeng, H., Tian, J., Zheng, Y., Ban, X., Zeng, J., Mao, Y., and Wang, Y. (2011). In vitro and in vivo activities of essential oil from the seed of Anethum graveolens L. against Candida spp.. Evid. Base Complement Alternat. Med., 659704. · DOI
  11. Naseri, 2012, The study of anti-inflammatory activity of oil-based Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) extract used topically in formalin-induced inflammation male rat paw, Iran J. Pharm. Res., 11, 1169
  12. Schepp, 1988, Modulation of rat gastric mucosal prostaglandin E2 release by dietary linoleic acid: Effects on gastric acid secretion and stress-induced mucosal damage, Gastroenterology, 95, 18, 10.1016/0016-5085(88)90285-5 · DOI
  13. Shimoyama, 2013, Antiulcerogenic activity of chlorogenic acid in different models of gastric ulcer, Naunyn. Schmiedebergs. Arch. Pharmacol., 386, 5, 10.1007/s00210-012-0807-2 · DOI
  14. Vieira, 2019, Gastroprotective effect of limonene in rats: Influence on oxidative stress, inflammation and gene expression, Phytomedicine, 53, 37, 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.027 · DOI
  15. Goodarzi, 2016, The role of Anethum graveolens L. (Dill) in the management of diabetes, J. Trop. Med., 2016, 1098916, 10.1155/2016/1098916 · DOI · Paper page
  16. Fullerton, 2016, Resolution of inflammation: A new therapeutic frontier, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 15, 551, 10.1038/nrd.2016.39 · DOI · Paper page
  17. Hu, 2019, Anti-inflammation action of xanthones from Swertia chirayita by regulating COX-2/NF-κB/MAPKs/Akt signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, Phytomedicine, 55, 214, 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.08.001 · DOI
  18. Kellerman, 2017, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Prim. Care, 44, 561, 10.1016/j.pop.2017.07.001 · DOI
  19. Negrutiu, 2019, Food and gastroesophageal reflux disease, Curr. Med. Chem., 26, 3497, 10.2174/0929867324666170515123807 · DOI
  20. Mikami, 2015, Physiology and pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease, Surg. Clin. N. Am., 95, 515, 10.1016/j.suc.2015.02.006 · DOI
  21. Chen, 2019, Gastroesophageal reflux disease pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment, Gastroenterol. Nurs., 42, 20, 10.1097/SGA.0000000000000359 · DOI
  22. 2015, NSAIDs: Learning new tricks from old drugs, Eur. J. Immunol., 45, 679, 10.1002/eji.201445222 · DOI
  23. Haley, 2019, Localized and targeted delivery of NSAIDs for treatment of inflammation: A review, Exp. Biol. Med., 244, 433, 10.1177/1535370218787770 · DOI
  24. Tsai, 2013, Therapeutic potential of traditional chinese medicine on inflammatory diseases, J. Tradit. Complement Med., 3, 142, 10.4103/2225-4110.114898 · DOI
  25. Kim, 2019, Determination of fatty acids in the seeds of Lepidium apetalum Willdenow, Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl, and Draba nemorosa L. by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a charged aerosol detector, J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol., 42, 128, 10.1080/10826076.2019.1571509 · DOI
  26. Sandhu, 2018, Current Trends in the Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Gut Liver, 15, 7, 10.5009/gnl16615 · DOI
  27. Baskaran, A., Chua, K.H., Sabaratnam, V., Ram, M.R., and Kuppusamy, U.R. (2017). Pleurotus giganteus (Berk. Karun & Hyde), the giant oyster mushroom inhibits NO production in LPS/H2O2 stimulated RAW 264.7 cells via STAT 3 and COX-2 pathways. BMC Complement Altern. Med., 17. · DOI
  28. Wei, 2020, A highly efficient hybrid peptide ameliorates intestinal inflammation and mucosal barrier damage by neutralizing lipopolysaccharides and antagonizing the lipopolysaccharide-receptor interaction, FASEB J., 34, 16049, 10.1096/fj.201903263RRR · DOI
  29. Sun, 2019, Inhibition of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice by baker’s yeast polysaccharides, Carbohydr. Polym., 207, 371, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.087 · DOI
  30. Hwang, 2020, Anti-Inflammatory effect of immature sword bean pod (Canavalia gladiata) in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 Cells, J. Med. Food, 23, 1183, 10.1089/jmf.2020.4733 · DOI
  31. Li, 2018, Ulinastatin attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells by inhibiting the JNK/NF-κB signaling pathway and activating the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway, Acta. Pharmacol. Sin., 39, 1294, 10.1038/aps.2017.143 · DOI
  32. Yang, C., You, L., Yin, X., Liu, Y., Leng, X., Wang, W., Sai, N., and Ni, J. (2018). Heterophyllin B ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in RAW 264.7 macrophages by suppressing the PI3K/Akt pathways. Molecules, 23. · DOI
  33. Giridharan, 2018, Mechanisms of NF-κB p65 and strategies for therapeutic manipulation, J. Inflamm. Res., 11, 407, 10.2147/JIR.S140188 · DOI · Paper page
  34. Xu, 2021, Astragalus polysaccharides attenuate ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis in rats by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NOD2-mediated NF- κ B activation, J. Med. Food, 24, 1, 10.1089/jmf.2020.4750 · DOI
  35. Kawai, 2007, Signaling to NF-κB by Toll-like receptors, Trends Mol. Med., 13, 460, 10.1016/j.molmed.2007.09.002 · DOI
  36. Souza, 2009, Gastroesophageal reflux might cause esophagitis through a cytokine-mediated mechanism rather than caustic acid injury, Gastroenterology, 137, 1776, 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.07.055 · DOI
  37. Huo, 2017, Hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha plays a role in mediating oesophagitis in GORD, Gut, 66, 1542, 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312595 · DOI
  38. Jabri, 2016, Ameliorative and antioxidant effects of myrtle berry seed (Myrtus communis) extract during reflux-induced esophagitis in rats, Pharm. Biol., 54, 1575, 10.3109/13880209.2015.1107748 · DOI
  39. Che, 2017, Macrophages induce EMT to promote invasion of lung cancer cells through the IL-6-mediated COX-2/PGE 2/β-catenin signaling pathway, Mol. Immunol., 90, 197, 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.06.018 · DOI
  40. Zhang, 2020, Menthol relieves acid reflux inflammation by regulating TRPV1 in esophageal epithelial cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 525, 113, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.050 · DOI
  41. Akshay, 2020, Chlorogenic Acid Potentiates the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Curcumin in LPS-Stimulated THP-1 Cells, Nutrients, 12, 2706, 10.3390/nu12092706 · DOI
  42. Dipasquale, 2018, Anti-inflammatory effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers and essential fatty acids in bovine mammary epithelial cells, Animal, 12, 2108, 10.1017/S1751731117003676 · DOI
  43. Saiki, 2017, The anti-inflammatory effect of Agaricus brasiliensis is partly due to its linoleic acid content, Food Funct., 8, 4150, 10.1039/C7FO01172E · DOI

Cited by

See all 22

Metadata

Authors
Nam, H.-H., Nan, L., & Choo, B.-K.
Venue
Foods
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-10-18
Volume
10
Issue
10
Pages
2500
ISSN
2304-8158
DOI
10.3390/foods10102500
PMC
PMC8535990
Cited by
22
References
1
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
  • Rural Development Administration (PJ0142272020)
  • Jeonbuk National University (2020)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Anti-Inflammation and Protective Effects of Anethum graveolens L. (Dill Seeds) on Esophageal Mucosa Damages in Reflux Esophagitis-Induced Rats. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/foods10102500
The paper
Nam, H.-H., Nan, L., & Choo, B.-K. (2021). Anti-Inflammation and Protective Effects of Anethum graveolens L. (Dill Seeds) on Esophageal Mucosa Damages in Reflux Esophagitis-Induced Rats. Foods. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102500