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Case Studies of Small-Medium Food Enterprises around the World: Major Constraints and Benefits from the Implementation of Food Safety Management Systems

Open access
Lee, Jocelyn C., Neonaki, Marina, Alexopoulos, Athanasios, Varzakas, Theodoros·2023·Foods
DOI 10.3390/foods12173218PMC PMC10486654
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Abstract

Global food safety and security are key principles to be followed in the context of the implementation of food safety management systems. The objective of this paper is to assess the contemporary developments of Food Safety Management System standards (FSMS) worldwide and to identify the primary constraints and advantages associated with their implementation by small and medium-sized enterprises across different regions. The effectiveness of these systems has also been evaluated. 116 case studies have been employed across developing and developed regions worldwide across 27 primary food sectors. After the implementation of FSMS, there was a significant increase in the percentage of companies that have implemented the international FSMS, both in developed (16.7% to 63.9%) and developing countries (26.6% to 48.1%). Certification has also increased from 34.2% to 59.6% in the total sample, namely from 33.3% to 61.1% in developed countries and from 34.6% to 59.0% in developing countries. There was a significant increase in medium vs. small company size (57.1% to 62.3%, p = 0.046), only in developing countries. Food safety culture and manager leadership implementation were increased to over 80% after FSMS implementation in both developed and developing countries (p < 0.001). Training, resources, and technology adequacy were also increased in all companies (p < 0.001).

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Crossref · 10.3390/foods12173218

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Figures

Figure 1 The FSMS Building Blocks and the Systems Thinking Approach (Adapted from “What are Food Safety Management Systems?”, https://chimerasystems.co.za/services/fsms/), accessed on 31 July 2022, Lee, J.C. et al. 2021 [6,27].
Figure 1 The FSMS Building Blocks and the Systems Thinking Approach (Adapted from “What are Food Safety Management Systems?”, https://chimerasystems.co.za/services/fsms/), accessed on 31 July 2022, Lee, J.C. et al. 2021 [6,27].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Managerial Systematic Approach to Food Safety Using HACCP and PRPs (Adapted from What is a Management System? Available online: https://images.app.goo.gl/Aqez5sSfpbvjQqmK7 (accessed 20 June 2021). Lee, J.C. et al. 2021 [6,33].
Figure 2 Managerial Systematic Approach to Food Safety Using HACCP and PRPs (Adapted from What is a Management System? Available online: https://images.app.goo.gl/Aqez5sSfpbvjQqmK7 (accessed 20 June 2021). Lee, J.C. et al. 2021 [6,33].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Organizational Food Safety Culture Works in Symbiosis with PRPs and HACCP (Adapted from: C.A. Wallace, and S.E. Mortimore, 2016) [7,35].
Figure 3 Organizational Food Safety Culture Works in Symbiosis with PRPs and HACCP (Adapted from: C.A. Wallace, and S.E. Mortimore, 2016) [7,35].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Organizational Food Safety Culture Works in Symbiosis with PRPs and HACCP (Adapted from: C.A. Wallace, W.H. Sperber, and S.E. Mortimore, 2018), Lee, J.C. et al. 2021 [6,36].
Figure 4 Organizational Food Safety Culture Works in Symbiosis with PRPs and HACCP (Adapted from: C.A. Wallace, W.H. Sperber, and S.E. Mortimore, 2018), Lee, J.C. et al. 2021 [6,36].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 The Global Food Sector Chart illustrates the numerous food sectors represented in our data.
Figure 5 The Global Food Sector Chart illustrates the numerous food sectors represented in our data.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 (a) Attitudes (FSMS element details) towards the constraints and benefits of implementing FSMS standards before and after implementation in developed and developing countries. Only attitudes with significant changes are presented. (b). Attitudes (Prerequisites) towards the constraints and benefits of implementing FSMS standards before and after implementation in developed and developing countries. Only attitudes with significant changes are presented. (c) Attitudes (HACCP) towards the constraints and benefits of implementing FSMS standards before and after implementation in developed and developing countries. Only attitudes with significant changes are presented.
Figure 6 (a) Attitudes (FSMS element details) towards the constraints and benefits of implementing FSMS standards before and after implementation in developed and developing countries. Only attitudes with significant changes are presented. (b). Attitudes (Prerequisites) towards the constraints and benefits of implementing FSMS standards before and after implementation in developed and developing countries. Only attitudes with significant changes are presented. (c) Attitudes (HACCP) towards the constraints and benefits of implementing FSMS standards before and after implementation in developed and developing countries. Only attitudes with significant changes are presented.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 Median values of enterprise attitudes before and after implementation of FSM regarding specific constraints. Probability (p) values concern changes in attitude when both developed and developing countries are considered (Wilcoxon sign rank test, p < 0.01).
Figure 7 Median values of enterprise attitudes before and after implementation of FSM regarding specific constraints. Probability (p) values concern changes in attitude when both developed and developing countries are considered (Wilcoxon sign rank test, p < 0.01).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 Differences per sector before and after FSMS implementation.
Figure 8 Differences per sector before and after FSMS implementation.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

Show all 26 references

Research works printed but not linked: 20

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Metadata

Authors
Lee, J. C., Neonaki, M., Alexopoulos, A., & Varzakas, T.
Affiliations
  • Instituto de Pesquisas Cananéia (BR)
  • University of Peloponnese (GR)
  • Democritus University of Thrace (GR)
Corresponding author
Varzakas, Theodoros
ORCID
Venue
Foods
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-08-26
Volume
12
Issue
17
Pages
3218
ISSN
2304-8158 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/foods12173218
PMC
PMC10486654
OpenAlex
W4386223113
Cited by
54
References
26
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 2
FWCI
7.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Foods (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Safety and Hygiene
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Quality and Management Systems
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Supply Chain Traceability
Keywords
food safety management systems, small and medium-sized enterprises, food safety certification, food safety culture, developing countries, food industry

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