CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 81Food Safety and HygieneQuality and Management SystemsFood Supply Chain Traceability

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Case Studies of Small-Medium Food Enterprises around the World: Major Constraints and Benefits from the Implementation of Food Safety Management Systems

Open access
Lee, Jocelyn C., Neonaki, Marina, Alexopoulos, Athanasios, Varzakas, Theodoros·2023·Foods
DOI 10.3390/foods12173218PMC PMC10486654
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Global food safety and security are key principles to be followed in the context of the implementation of food safety management systems. The objective of this paper is to assess the contemporary developments of Food Safety Management System standards (FSMS) worldwide and to identify the primary constraints and advantages associated with their implementation by small and medium-sized enterprises across different regions. The effectiveness of these systems has also been evaluated. 116 case studies have been employed across developing and developed regions worldwide across 27 primary food sectors. After the implementation of FSMS, there was a significant increase in the percentage of companies that have implemented the international FSMS, both in developed (16.7% to 63.9%) and developing countries (26.6% to 48.1%). Certification has also increased from 34.2% to 59.6% in the total sample, namely from 33.3% to 61.1% in developed countries and from 34.6% to 59.0% in developing countries. There was a significant increase in medium vs. small company size (57.1% to 62.3%, p = 0.046), only in developing countries. Food safety culture and manager leadership implementation were increased to over 80% after FSMS implementation in both developed and developing countries (p < 0.001). Training, resources, and technology adequacy were also increased in all companies (p < 0.001).

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/foods12173218

Cites

26 of 26 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 The FSMS Building Blocks and the Systems Thinking Approach (Adapted from “What are Food Safety Management Systems?”, https://chimerasystems.co.za/services/fsms/), accessed on 31 July 2022, Lee, J.C. et al. 2021 [6,27].
Figure 1 The FSMS Building Blocks and the Systems Thinking Approach (Adapted from “What are Food Safety Management Systems?”, https://chimerasystems.co.za/services/fsms/), accessed on 31 July 2022, Lee, J.C. et al. 2021 [6,27].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Managerial Systematic Approach to Food Safety Using HACCP and PRPs (Adapted from What is a Management System? Available online: https://images.app.goo.gl/Aqez5sSfpbvjQqmK7 (accessed 20 June 2021). Lee, J.C. et al. 2021 [6,33].
Figure 2 Managerial Systematic Approach to Food Safety Using HACCP and PRPs (Adapted from What is a Management System? Available online: https://images.app.goo.gl/Aqez5sSfpbvjQqmK7 (accessed 20 June 2021). Lee, J.C. et al. 2021 [6,33].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Organizational Food Safety Culture Works in Symbiosis with PRPs and HACCP (Adapted from: C.A. Wallace, and S.E. Mortimore, 2016) [7,35].
Figure 3 Organizational Food Safety Culture Works in Symbiosis with PRPs and HACCP (Adapted from: C.A. Wallace, and S.E. Mortimore, 2016) [7,35].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Organizational Food Safety Culture Works in Symbiosis with PRPs and HACCP (Adapted from: C.A. Wallace, W.H. Sperber, and S.E. Mortimore, 2018), Lee, J.C. et al. 2021 [6,36].
Figure 4 Organizational Food Safety Culture Works in Symbiosis with PRPs and HACCP (Adapted from: C.A. Wallace, W.H. Sperber, and S.E. Mortimore, 2018), Lee, J.C. et al. 2021 [6,36].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 The Global Food Sector Chart illustrates the numerous food sectors represented in our data.
Figure 5 The Global Food Sector Chart illustrates the numerous food sectors represented in our data.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 (a) Attitudes (FSMS element details) towards the constraints and benefits of implementing FSMS standards before and after implementation in developed and developing countries. Only attitudes with significant changes are presented. (b). Attitudes (Prerequisites) towards the constraints and benefits of implementing FSMS standards before and after implementation in developed and developing countries. Only attitudes with significant changes are presented. (c) Attitudes (HACCP) towards the constraints and benefits of implementing FSMS standards before and after implementation in developed and developing countries. Only attitudes with significant changes are presented.
Figure 6 (a) Attitudes (FSMS element details) towards the constraints and benefits of implementing FSMS standards before and after implementation in developed and developing countries. Only attitudes with significant changes are presented. (b). Attitudes (Prerequisites) towards the constraints and benefits of implementing FSMS standards before and after implementation in developed and developing countries. Only attitudes with significant changes are presented. (c) Attitudes (HACCP) towards the constraints and benefits of implementing FSMS standards before and after implementation in developed and developing countries. Only attitudes with significant changes are presented.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 Median values of enterprise attitudes before and after implementation of FSM regarding specific constraints. Probability (p) values concern changes in attitude when both developed and developing countries are considered (Wilcoxon sign rank test, p < 0.01).
Figure 7 Median values of enterprise attitudes before and after implementation of FSM regarding specific constraints. Probability (p) values concern changes in attitude when both developed and developing countries are considered (Wilcoxon sign rank test, p < 0.01).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 Differences per sector before and after FSMS implementation.
Figure 8 Differences per sector before and after FSMS implementation.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 20

  1. Alli, 2015, Food safety and developing countries: The benefits of technology transfer, J. Food Saf., 35, 312
  2. Aung, 2013, Food safety management systems and HACCP implementation in developing countries: A review of the literature, Food Control, 32, 187
  3. Kumar, R. (2017). Food Safety Management—Understanding and Implementing ISO 22000 and FSSC 22000, CRC Press.
  4. Ayodele, 2019, Constraints to implementing food traceability in developing countries: A review, Cogent Food Agric., 5, 1597787
  5. Pourazadi, 2019, Traceability as a Key Element for Ensuring of Food Safety in Supply Chain Management: A Review, Qual. Eng., 31, 567
  6. Schiefer, 2019, Traceability in food and agricultural supply chains–challenges and opportunities for developing countries, J. Chain. Netw. Sci., 19, 13
  7. Shailja, 2018, An examination of international food traceability programs, J. Food Distrib. Res., 49, 92
  8. Huang, 2016, The effectiveness of food safety management systems and prerequisite programs in food processing plants in China, Food Control, 69, 54
  9. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (2023, April 10). Food Safety Systems and Food Security: A Review of the Critical Issues. Available online: https://www.fao.org/publications/home/fao-flagship-publications/the-state-of-food-security-and-nutrition-in-the-world.
  10. Muir, 2019, Aligning Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture: Policy Imperatives and Research Challenges, Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 3, 1
  11. Lal, R. (2018). Soil Health and Sustainability: Managing the Biotic Component of Soil Quality, Elsevier.
  12. Chen, 2018, Food Fraud in China: Background, Challenges, and Prospects, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 17, 806
  13. Lelieveld, H.L., and Houben, R. (2018). Food Safety Management: A Practical Guide for the Food Industry, CRC Press.
  14. Aung, M.M., Chang, Y.S., and Ching, T.Y. (2016). Food Fraud and Vulnerability Assessment: Tools and Techniques, John Wiley & Sons.
  15. Yan, 2019, Cronobacter species in foods: Current state and perspectives, J. Food Prot., 82, 1732
  16. Osaili, 2018, Cronobacter species and their significance in foodborne illnesses, Food Control, 93, 237
  17. Kim, 2019, Prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in Korean retail food: Poultry and vegetable products, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 295, 81
  18. Chon, 2012, Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula marketed in Korea, Food Control, 28, 225
  19. Almajed, 2016, Isolates from neonates and Cronobacter sakazakii clinical infants in England and Wales: Their molecular, phenotypic characteristics, and genotypic diversity, Front. Microbiol., 7, 1564
  20. Field, A. (2017). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics, University of Sussex, UK SAGE Publications Ltd.. [5th ed.].

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 81

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Lee, J. C., Neonaki, M., Alexopoulos, A., & Varzakas, T.
Affiliations
  • Instituto de Pesquisas Cananéia (BR)
  • University of Peloponnese (GR)
  • Democritus University of Thrace (GR)
Corresponding author
Varzakas, Theodoros
ORCID
Venue
Foods
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-08-26
Volume
12
Issue
17
Pages
3218
ISSN
2304-8158 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/foods12173218
PMC
PMC10486654
OpenAlex
W4386223113
Cited by
54
References
26
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 2
FWCI
7.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Foods (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Safety and Hygiene
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Quality and Management Systems
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Supply Chain Traceability
Keywords
food safety management systems, small and medium-sized enterprises, food safety certification, food safety culture, developing countries, food industry

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review