Controlled release of phycocyanin in simulated gastrointestinal conditions using alginate-agavins-polysaccharide beads
Open accessAbstract
C-phycocyanin (CPC) is an antioxidant protein that, when purified, is photosensitive and can be affected by environmental and gastrointestinal conditions. This can impact its biological activity, requiring an increase in the effective amount to achieve a therapeutic effect. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a microencapsulate of a complex matrix, as a strategy to protect and establish a matrix for the controlled release of CPC based on polysaccharides such as agavins (AGV) using ionic gelation. Four matrices were formulated: M1 (alginate: ALG), M2 (ALG and AGV), M3 (ALG, AGV, and κ-carrageenan: CGN), and M4 (ALG, AGV, CGN, and carboxymethylcellulose: CMC) with increasing concentrations of CPC. The retention and diffusion capacities of C-phycocyanin provided by each matrix were evaluated, as well as their stability under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The results showed that the encapsulation efficiency of the matrix-type encapsulates with complex composites increased as more components were added to the mixtures. CMC increased the retention due to the hydrophobicity that it provides by being in the polysaccharide matrix; CGN enabled the controlled diffusive release; and AGV provided protection of the CPC beads under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Therefore, matrix M4 exhibited an encapsulation efficiency for CPC of 98% and a bioaccessibility of 10.65 ± 0.65% after the passage of encapsulates through in vitro digestion.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Controlled release of encapsulated microalgae bioactives follows the Korsmeyer-Peppas diffusion model with adjusted release profiles.
“Studies on controlled release follow the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, based on diffusion, with adjusted release profiles (Londoño-Moreno et al., 2023).”
From Microalgae biotechnology and its role in sustainable and healthy food design (2025) · cites this paper as Londoño-Moreno et al., 2023
The Discussion reports that phycocyanin release from the studied beads fit the Korsmeyer–Peppas model well, particularly in the simulated gastric phase. It also reports a better zero-order fit in the intestinal phase, so the source does not support the broader suggestion that controlled-release profiles generally follow a diffusion-based Korsmeyer–Peppas model. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
INFOGEST static in vitro simulation of gastrointestinal food digestion
Brodkorb, A., Egger, L., Alminger, M., Alvito, P., Assunção, R., Ballance, S., Bohn, T., Bourlieu-Lacanal, C., Boutrou, R., Carrière, F., et al. (2019) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-018-0119-1 · Cited by 5,199 · see citing works
Shishir, M. R. I., Xie, L., Sun, C., Zheng, X., & Chen, W. (2018) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2018.05.018 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Assadpour, E., & Jafari, S. M. (2019) · Annual Review of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1146/annurev-food-032818-121641 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Nutraceutical properties of phycocyanin
Fernández-Rojas, B., Hernández‐Juárez, J., & Pedraza‐Chaverrí, J. (2014) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2014.10.011 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Gopinath, V., Sekaran, S., Al‐Maleki, A. R., Ramesh, M., & Vadivelu, J. (2018) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.136 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Zhang, R., Zou, L., & McClements, D. J. (2016) · Food Hydrocolloids · doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.03.015 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Calcium alginate-carboxymethyl cellulose beads for colon-targeted drug delivery
Agarwal, T., Narayana, G. H. N. S., Pal, K., Pramanik, K., Giri, S., & Banerjee, I. (2015) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.12.052 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Physical and mechanical properties of alginate based composite gels
Ramdhan, T., Ching, S. H., Prakash, S., & Bhandari, B. (2020) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.002 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Malekjani, N., & Jafari, S. M. (2020) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12660 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Applications of Cellulose-based Materials in Sustained Drug Delivery Systems
Sun, B., Zhang, M., Shen, J., He, Z., Fatehi, P., & Ni, Y. (2018) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867324666170705143308 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Grover, P., Bhatnagar, A., Kumari, N., Narayan Bhatt, A., Kumar Nishad, D., & Purkayastha, J. (2021) · Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.037 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Wang, X., Li, L.-N., Chang, W., Zhang, J.-P., Gui, L.-L., Guo, B.-J., & Liang, D. (2001) · Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography · doi:10.1107/s0907444901004528 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Preparation of phycocyanin microcapsules and its properties
Yan, M.-Y., Liu, B.-H., Jiao, X., & Qin, S. (2014) · Food and Bioproducts Processing · doi:10.1016/j.fbp.2013.07.008 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Mueller, M., Reiner, J., Fleischhacker, L., Viernstein, H., Loeppert, R., & Praznik, W. (2016) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2016.04.010 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Ichimura‐Shimizu, M., Kato, S., Tsuneyama, K., Matsutake, S., Kamogawa, M., Hirao, E., Miyata, A., Mori, S., Yamaguchi, N., Suruga, K., et al. (2013) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.03.006 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Physical extraction and extrusion entrapment of C-phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis
Pan-utai, W., & Iamtham, S. (2018) · Journal of King Saud University - Science · doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2018.05.026 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
González, E. G., Gómez‐Caravaca, A. M., Giménez, B., Cebrián, R., Maqueda, M., Parada, J., Martinez-Ferez, A., Segura‐Carretero, A., & Robert, P. S. (2019) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125976 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Lei, Y.-C., Zhao, X., Li, D., Wang, L.-J., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11050734 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Blas-Valdivia, V., Moran-Dorantes, D. N., Rojas-Franco, P., Franco-Colín, M., Mirhosseini, N., Davarnejad, R., Hallajisani, A., Tavakoli, O., & Cano-Europa, E. (2022) · Pharmaceutical Biology · doi:10.1080/13880209.2022.2055089 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationMemije-Lazaro, I. N., Blas-Valdivia, V., Franco-Colín, M., & Cano-Europa, E. (2018) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2018.01.013 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhanced stability of C-phycocyanin colorant by extrusion encapsulation
Pradeep, H., & Nayak, C. (2019) · Journal of food science and technology · doi:10.1007/s13197-019-03955-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Targeted delivery of phycocyanin for the prevention of colon cancer using electrospun fibers
Wen, P., Hu, T., Yan, W., Linhardt, R. J., Zong, M., Zou, Y.-X., & Wu, H. (2019) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c8fo02447b · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Suzery, M., Hadiyanto, Majid, D., Setyawan, D., & Sutanto, H. (2017) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/55/1/012052 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Teixé‐Roig, J., Oms‐Oliu, G., Ballesté-Muñoz, S., Odriozola‐Serrano, I., & Martín‐Belloso, O. (2021) · Food Structure · doi:10.1016/j.foostr.2021.100249 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Chitosan/collagen-based hydrogels for sustainable development: Phycocyanin controlled release
Azaza, Y. B., van der Lee, A., Li, S., Nasri, M., & Nasri, R. (2022) · Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.scp.2022.100905 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Development of alginate/inulin carrier systems containing non-conventional Amazonian berry extracts
Mar, J. M., da Silva, L. S., Rabelo, M. S., Biondo, M. M., Kinupp, V. F., Campelo, P. H., Bruginski, E., Campos, F. R., Bezerra, J. D. A., & Sanches, E. A. (2020) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109838 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Encapsulation of phycocyanin-alginate for high stability and antioxidant activity
Hadiyanto, H., Suzery, M., Setyawan, D., Majid, D., & Sutanto, H. (2017) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/55/1/012030 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Non-conventional octameric structure of C-phycocyanin
Minato, T., Teramoto, T., Adachi, N., Nguyen, H. K., Yamada, K., Kawasaki, M., Akutsu, M., Moriya, T., Senda, T., Ogo, S., et al. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02767-x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Alavi, N., Golmakani, M., & Hosseini, S. (2022) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.111 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Chávez-Falcón, M. S., Buitrago-Arias, C., Ávila-Reyes, S. V., Solorza‐Feria, J., Arenas-Ocampo, M. L., Camacho‐Díaz, B. H., & Jiménez–Aparicio, A. R. (2022) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering9090460 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationRojas-Franco, P., Franco-Colín, M., Blas-Valdivia, V., Meléndez-Camargo, M. E., & Cano-Europa, E. (2021) · Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B · doi:10.1631/jzus.b2000725 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationSuzery, M., Hadiyanto, H., Sutanto, H., Soetrisnanto, D., Majid, D., Setyawan, D., & Azizah, N. (2015) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.4938296 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Microalgae biotechnology and its role in sustainable and healthy food design
Schneider, A. T., Machado, R. L. S., Dutra, D. A., Machado, E. F., Dias, R. R., Deprá, M. C., Zepka, L. Q., & Jacob-Lopes, E. (2025) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2025.1716473 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Vieira, M. V., Noore, S., Tiwari, B. K., O’Donnell, C. P., Gonçalves, C., Pastrana, L. M., & Fuciños, P. (2024) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.142077 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Microfluidic-assisted T-junction internal gelation for phycocyanin encapsulation
Rueangkrachai, O., Thongcumsuk, B., Oaew, S., & Cheunkar, S. (2025) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2025.104242 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dean, L. E., Wang, H., Bullert, A. J., Wang, H., Adamcakova‐Dodd, A., Mangalam, A. K., Thorne, P. S., Ankrum, J. A., Klingelhutz, A. J., & Lehmler, H. (2024) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135999 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Shu, D., Liu, Y., Xu, J., & Yuan, Y. (2025) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2025.118475 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yang, D., Zhong, D., Wang, R., Hu, Q., Wei, P., Tong, A., Wang, Z., He, C., Zhang, J., Hu, H., et al. (2025) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.5c03372 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Arrari, F., Hammami, I., Jabri, M., & Sebaï, H. (2026) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.70430 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Aboobacker, S., Liudvinavičiūtė, D., Kitrytė, V., Šipailienė, A., Rutkaitė, R., & Syrpas, M. (2026) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2026.108945 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Arroyo-Esquivel, L., & Esquivel, P. (2026) · Colorants · doi:10.3390/colorants5030027 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Photoacoustic Spectroscopy as a Method for Detecting Phycocyanin in Complex Biopolymeric Matrices
Cano-Europa, E., Londoño-Moreno, A., Camacho‐Díaz, B. H., Blas-Valdivia, V., Cruz-Orea, A., & Rojas-Franco, P. (2026) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.5c13067
Self-citationThaisamak, P., Taengrit, K., Runglert, J., Wannasawad, K., Wongyai, S., & Phakawan, J. (2026) · Food Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s11483-026-10244-3
Ghelichi, S., McClements, D. J., Hajfathalian, M., & Jacobsen, C. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-45519-3.00017-0
- Authors
- Londoño-Moreno, A., Mundo-Franco, Z., Franco-Colin, M., Buitrago-Arias, C., Arenas-Ocampo, M. L., Jiménez-Aparicio, A. R., Cano-Europa, E., & Camacho-Díaz, B. H.
- Affiliations
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (MX)
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo I, Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Km 6, Calle CEPROBI No. 8, Morelos C.P. 62731, Mexico
- Corresponding author
- Cano-Europa, Edgar
- ORCID
- Venue
- Foods
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-08-31
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 3272
- ISSN
- 2304-8158 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10486973
- OpenAlex
- W4386324231
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 1.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Foods (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (SIP20210052, SIP20210080, SIP20221745, SIP20210838)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Microencapsulation and Drying Processes
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Proteins in Food Systems
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Keywords
- phycocyanin, controlled release, microencapsulation, alginate, kappa-carrageenan, carboxymethyl cellulose, ionic gelation, in vitro digestion, encapsulation efficiency, bioaccessibility, antioxidant proteins, photosensitivity, hydrophobicity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
