Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Correlation Coefficients between Nomophobia and Anxiety, Smartphone Addiction, and Insomnia Symptoms
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Nomophobia is an emerging phenomenon in the 21st century. Consequently, it results in various health problems, both physical and psychological. The following systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to establish the relationship between nomophobia with anxiety, smartphone addiction, and insomnia. To identify the relevant studies, we searched through several databases. Out of the 1523 studies identified, 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. After conducting the statistical analysis, the results revealed that anxiety r = 0.31 (95% CI: 0.25 to 0.38), smartphone addiction r = 0.39 (95% CI: 0.04 to 0.75), and insomnia r = 0.56 (95% CI: 0.38 to 0.75) are positively associated with nomophobia. Mobile phone usage has become inevitable, even for individuals who use it to a lesser degree than others, to perform simple tasks, such as communicating with others or for educational purposes. It is crucial to raise awareness about the consequences of overusing these devices, including the physical and psychological complications in both the short and long terms.
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The relationship between smartphone addiction and nomophobia is considered reciprocal, with evidence of moderate to high correlations across different populations.
“La relación entre ambas se considera recíproca y existe cierta evidencia de correlaciones moderadas y altas que afectan a diferentes tipos de población (Buctot et al. , 2020; Daraj et al. , 2023; Díaz y Extremera, 2020).”
From Adicción al smartphone, nomofobia, rendimiento académico e intención de abandonar los estudios: un modelo estructural en estudiantes universitarios peruanos (2025) · cites this paper as Daraj et al., 2023
The Discussion reports positive, moderate correlations between nomophobia and smartphone addiction, and the Results (§3.4; page unavailable) pool six studies, though their findings are highly heterogeneous and some may be negative. The Introduction suggests that nomophobia might contribute to smartphone addiction, but its proposed reverse direction concerns social media addiction, not smartphone addiction; the paper therefore does not establish the claimed reciprocal relationship or consistently moderate-to-high correlations. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- Daraj, L. R., AlGhareeb, M., Almutawa, Y. M., Trabelsi, K., & Jahrami, H.
- Affiliations
- Arabian Gulf University (BH)
- University of Sfax (TN)
- Government Hospitals (BH)
- Corresponding author
- Jahrami, Haitham
- Venue
- Healthcare
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-07-19
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 2066
- ISSN
- 2227-9032 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10380081
- OpenAlex
- W4384932193
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 3.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Healthcare (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- nomophobia, smartphone addiction, anxiety, insomnia, smartphone overuse, mobile phone use
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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