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Association Between Healthy Lifestyle and Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Open accessAbstract
Background/Objectives: The adherence to a healthy lifestyle is important for supporting healthy cognitive function as aging progresses. This study aimed to assess the association between a healthy lifestyle, specifically diet quality, physical activity, and smoking, and cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among participants aged 45 and older with normal cognition. Participants’ cognitive performance was assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Dietary intake was assessed using a 24 h dietary recall, and diet quality was assessed using the Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I). Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Participants were categorized as unhealthy (score ≤ 1), average (score 2), and healthy (score 3). Results: In this study, a total of 176 participants were recruited, 46% of them were classified as unhealthy, 40% was average, and 14% as healthy. Participants in the unhealthy group had lower performance in the naming cognitive domain compared to the other groups (p = 0.01). Participants in the average group scored significantly lower than the other groups in the orientation domain (p = 0.02). Performing moderate and high physical activity levels were significantly associated with higher scores of MoCA (p = 0.04) and in the naming domain (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Adopting a healthy lifestyle is associated with maintaining cognitive health among middle-aged and older adults, supporting the relevance of multidomain lifestyle interventions. Further longitudinal research is warranted to evaluate the long-term feasibility and effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in this population.
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There is much evidence that lifestyle intervention and adoption of healthy lifestyles promotes cognitive health and staves off cognitive decline.
“There is much evidence that lifestyle intervention and adoption of healthy lifestyles promotes cognitive health and staves off cognitive decline [85–92]”
From Personalized machine learning guided intervention for optimizing lifestyle behaviors in depression: a pilot study (2026) · cites this paper as [89]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Naaman, R. K., Alashmali, S., Bakhsh, M. A., Alneami, S. A., Algamdi, E. S., Al-Ghamdi, G. A., & Alqarni, S. M.
- Affiliations
- King Abdulaziz University (SA)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Naaman, Rouba Khalil
- Venue
- Healthcare
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2025-05-14
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1140
- ISSN
- 2227-9032 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC12110782
- OpenAlex
- W4410368046
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3
- FWCI
- 2.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Healthcare (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Keywords
- healthy lifestyle, cognitive function, middle-aged and older adults, diet quality, physical activity, smoking, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, naming, orientation, aging, lifestyle intervention
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