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Cited by 106Climate Change and Health ImpactsPublic Health and Environmental IssuesDisaster Response and Management

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Water-Borne Diseases and Extreme Weather Events in Cambodia: Review of Impacts and Implications of Climate Change

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Davies, Grace, McIver, Lachlan, Kim, Yoonhee, Hashizume, Masahiro, Iddings, Steven, Chan, Vibol·2014·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
DOI 10.3390/ijerph120100191PMC PMC4306857
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Abstract

Cambodia is prone to extreme weather events, especially floods, droughts and typhoons. Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency and intensity of such events. The Cambodian population is highly vulnerable to the impacts of these events due to poverty; malnutrition; agricultural dependence; settlements in flood-prone areas, and public health, governance and technological limitations. Yet little is known about the health impacts of extreme weather events in Cambodia. Given the extremely low adaptive capacity of the population, this is a crucial knowledge gap. A literature review of the health impacts of floods, droughts and typhoons in Cambodia was conducted, with regional and global information reviewed where Cambodia-specific literature was lacking. Water-borne diseases are of particular concern in Cambodia, in the face of extreme weather events and climate change, due to, inter alia, a high pre-existing burden of diseases such as diarrhoeal illness and a lack of improved sanitation infrastructure in rural areas. A time-series analysis under quasi-Poisson distribution was used to evaluate the association between floods and diarrhoeal disease incidence in Cambodian children between 2001 and 2012 in 16 Cambodian provinces. Floods were significantly associated with increased diarrhoeal disease in two provinces, while the analysis conducted suggested a possible protective effect from toilets and piped water. Addressing the specific, local pre-existing vulnerabilities is vital to promoting population health resilience and strengthening adaptive capacity to extreme weather events and climate change in Cambodia.

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Crossref · 10.3390/ijerph120100191

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Figure 1 Map of vulnerability to climate change in Southeast Asia, taking into account exposure to climate hazards (tropical cyclones, floods, landslides, droughts and sea level rise), sensitivity and adaptive capacity. 0 indicates lowest vulnerability, 1 indicates highest vulnerability. Source: Reproduced with permission from Yusuf and Franciso [1].
Figure 1 Map of vulnerability to climate change in Southeast Asia, taking into account exposure to climate hazards (tropical cyclones, floods, landslides, droughts and sea level rise), sensitivity and adaptive capacity. 0 indicates lowest vulnerability, 1 indicates highest vulnerability. Source: Reproduced with permission from Yusuf and Franciso [1].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Flood effect on diarrhoeal disease cases in 16 Cambodian provinces. ‘PC’ indicates a percent change of the flood effect on diarrhoea in each province, meaning the change in diarrhoeal disease cases corresponding to flood events after adjusting for temperature, long-term time trend and seasonality. ‘Seasonality only’ indicates the simplest model adjusting for seasonality, long-term trends, and year. ‘+ Temperature’ indicates the model adding adjustment for mean temperature to the simplest model. In Kampot, the significant effect of flood on diarrhea was observed at lag0 and lag1; and the effect of flood decreased on the increase in lag months. In Pursat, the significant effects of flood on diarrhea was observed at lag2, meaning that flood events two months ago influenced the increase in diarrhoea cases observed, whereas a protective effect of flood on diarrhoea cases was observed at lag0.
Figure 2 Flood effect on diarrhoeal disease cases in 16 Cambodian provinces. ‘PC’ indicates a percent change of the flood effect on diarrhoea in each province, meaning the change in diarrhoeal disease cases corresponding to flood events after adjusting for temperature, long-term time trend and seasonality. ‘Seasonality only’ indicates the simplest model adjusting for seasonality, long-term trends, and year. ‘+ Temperature’ indicates the model adding adjustment for mean temperature to the simplest model. In Kampot, the significant effect of flood on diarrhea was observed at lag0 and lag1; and the effect of flood decreased on the increase in lag months. In Pursat, the significant effects of flood on diarrhea was observed at lag2, meaning that flood events two months ago influenced the increase in diarrhoea cases observed, whereas a protective effect of flood on diarrhoea cases was observed at lag0.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Adaptive capacity to climate change in Southeast Asia. Cambodia (*) and Laos have the lowest adaptive capacity in the region. Source: Reproduced with permission from Yusuf and Franciso [1].
Figure 3 Adaptive capacity to climate change in Southeast Asia. Cambodia (*) and Laos have the lowest adaptive capacity in the region. Source: Reproduced with permission from Yusuf and Franciso [1].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure A1 Flood effects on diarrhoea in 16 provinces adjusting for rainfall, temperature, long-term trend and seasonality.
Figure A1 Flood effects on diarrhoea in 16 provinces adjusting for rainfall, temperature, long-term trend and seasonality.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure A2 AIC and flood effect estimates on diarrhoea according to changing degree of freedom (DF) from one to six. We selected four degrees of freedom, showing smaller AIC and relatively stable effect estimate of flood on diarrhoea.
Figure A2 AIC and flood effect estimates on diarrhoea according to changing degree of freedom (DF) from one to six. We selected four degrees of freedom, showing smaller AIC and relatively stable effect estimate of flood on diarrhoea.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure A3 Flood effects on diarrhoea by distributed lag models in two provinces.
Figure A3 Flood effects on diarrhoea by distributed lag models in two provinces.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Chinvanno, S. (2003, January 24–27). Results from regional climate modelling and their future use in analysis of hydrologic impacts in Mekong River Basin. Proceedings of the First AIACC Regional Workshop and Open Meeting for Asia-Pacific, Bangkok, Thiland.
  2. Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, Public Health Wales (2011). Systematic Review of Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Following Extreme Weather Events, Public Health Wales.
  3. Asia (2014). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) WGII AR5, IPCC. Chapter 24.
  4. (2010). Floods in Pakistan-Health Cluster Bulletin No 12–16 August 2010, World Health Organisation.
  5. (2014). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) WGII AR5, IPCC. Chapter 11.

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Metadata

Authors
Davies, G., McIver, L., Kim, Y., Hashizume, M., Iddings, S., & Chan, V.
Affiliations
  • Monash University (AU)
  • Australian National University (AU)
  • Nagasaki University (JP)
  • World Health Organization (CH)
Corresponding author
McIver, Lachlan
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2014-12-23
Volume
12
Issue
1
Pages
191-213
ISSN
1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijerph120100191
PMC
PMC4306857
OpenAlex
W2163225196
Cited by
106
References
42
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1
FWCI
3.50
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ResearchOnline - JCU (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Nagasaki University's Academic Output SITE (Nagasaki University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
World Health Organization
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Public Health and Environmental Issues
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Emergency Medical Services › Disaster Response and Management
Keywords
waterborne diseases, extreme weather events, climate change, floods, drought, typhoons, diarrhoeal diseases, child health, sanitation, toilets, piped water, adaptive capacity, health resilience, poverty, Cambodia
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Cambodia, Child, Child, Preschool, Communicable Diseases, Diarrhea, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Toilet Facilities, Weather, Cyclonic Storms, Floods, Climate Change, Drinking Water

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