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Cited by 262Climate Change and Health ImpactsMental Health Treatment and AccessMigration, Health and Trauma

The Mental Health Outcomes of Drought: A Systematic Review and Causal Process Diagram

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Vins, Holly, Bell, Jesse, Saha, Shubhayu, Hess, Jeremy·2015·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
DOI 10.3390/ijerph121013251PMC PMC4627029
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Abstract

Little is understood about the long term, indirect health consequences of drought (a period of abnormally dry weather). In particular, the implications of drought for mental health via pathways such as loss of livelihood, diminished social support, and rupture of place bonds have not been extensively studied, leaving a knowledge gap for practitioners and researchers alike. A systematic review of literature was performed to examine the mental health effects of drought. The systematic review results were synthesized to create a causal process diagram that illustrates the pathways linking drought effects to mental health outcomes. Eighty-two articles using a variety of methods in different contexts were gathered from the systematic review. The pathways in the causal process diagram with greatest support in the literature are those focusing on the economic and migratory effects of drought. The diagram highlights the complexity of the relationships between drought and mental health, including the multiple ways that factors can interact and lead to various outcomes. The systematic review and resulting causal process diagram can be used in both practice and theory, including prevention planning, public health programming, vulnerability and risk assessment, and research question guidance. The use of a causal process diagram provides a much needed avenue for integrating the findings of diverse research to further the understanding of the mental health implications of drought.

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  • The links between extreme weather events and mental health effects are well established.

    “Within the disaster mental health literature, the links between extreme weather events and mental health effects are well established (see for example [51–59]).”

    From Climate change and mental health: risks, impacts and priority actions (2018) · cites this paper as [58]

    Section 1.5 says most climate-and-mental-health research has focused on acute weather events and natural disasters, supporting the claim for those events. But it also says evidence for sub-acute events such as drought is sparse and their mental-health impacts remain a knowledge gap, so the source does not establish the link across extreme weather events generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The most prominent causal pathway linking drought and mental health is via the economic effects from land degradation.

    “In a systematic review of the literature, authors note the most prominent causal pathway linking drought and mental health is via the economic effects from land degradation [58].”

    From Climate change and mental health: risks, impacts and priority actions (2018) · cites this paper as [58]

    Section 3.2 identifies the economic-effects pathway as having the greatest support, with 33 papers. But the Discussion treats environmental degradation as a separate, less-supported pathway; the paper does not identify economic effects from land degradation as the most prominent pathway. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Long-term droughts affect food and water supplies and can subsequently affect the economic and mental wellbeing of land-based workers, most often impacting those living in rural and remote communities.

    “Long-term droughts affect food and water supplies and can subsequently affect the economic and mental wellbeing of land-based workers, most often impacting those living in rural and remote communities [58, 86, 87].”

    From Climate change and mental health: risks, impacts and priority actions (2018) · cites this paper as [58]

  • High ambient temperatures are associated with worse sleep quantity and quality.

    “High ambient temperatures are associated with worse sleep quantity and quality. 101–106”

    From The 2024 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: facing record-breaking threats from delayed action (2024) · cites this paper as [103]

    The Introduction (§1.5; page unavailable) mentions heat waves in the context of research on climate and mental health, but does not discuss sleep. Searches for sleep quantity, sleep quality, and heat-related sleep changes found no passage in our copy linking ambient temperature to either sleep measure. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Vins, H., Bell, J., Saha, S., & Hess, J.
Affiliations
Emory University (US)
Corresponding author
Hess, Jeremy
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2015-10-22
Volume
12
Issue
10
Pages
13251-13275
ISSN
1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijerph121013251
PMC
PMC4627029
OpenAlex
W1877525034
Cited by
262
References
104
Citations by year
2026: 29 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2013: 1
FWCI
0.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • NOAA Institutional Repository (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NA14NES432003)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Keywords
drought, mental health, psychological outcomes, livelihood loss, social support, place attachment, migration, climate change and health, vulnerability assessment
MeSH terms
Humans, Mental Health, Droughts

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