Work-Recreation Balance, Health-Promoting Lifestyles and Suboptimal Health Status in Southern China: A Cross-Sectional Study
Open accessAbstract
Suboptimal health status (SHS)—an intermediate state between health and illness—refers to functional somatic symptoms that are medically undiagnosed. Although SHS has become a great challenge for global public health, very little about its etiology and mechanisms are known. Work-recreation balance is a part of work−life balance, and is related to stress which greatly influences health status. We therefore carried out a cross-sectional investigation between 2012 and 2013 within a clustered sample of 24,475 individuals aged 15−60 years from a population in southern China. In so doing, we hoped to illuminate the associations between work-recreation balance conditions, healthy lifestyles, and SHS. Work-recreation balance conditions were categorically defined by frequency (“rarely, sometimes, or always”). Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP-II) was used to evaluate the level of healthy lifestyles, and the medical examination report and Sub-Health Measurement Scale V1.0 (SHMS V1.0) were both used to evaluate health status. The ratio of SHS (46.3%) is higher than health status (18.4%) or disease status (35.3%). Overall, 4.9% of respondents reported the lowest level of work-recreation balance, and they scored lower on both the HPLP-II and SHMS V1.0 compared with those who frequently maintained a work-recreation balance. Significant association was found between work-recreation balance behaviors and healthy lifestyles (p < 0.001) after demographic adjustment. In comparison with those reporting a frequent work-recreation balance, individuals whose work-recreation balance was categorically “rare” were 1.69 times as likely to develop SHS (odds ratio (OR): 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.49–1.92), and those with infrequent work-recreation balance (“sometimes”) were 1.71 times more likely to develop SHS (OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.62–1.81). These findings suggest that work-recreation balance conditions are significantly associated with, and seem to be accurate behavioral indicia of a healthy lifestyle. Poor work-recreation balance is associated with increased risk for SHS; thus, a healthier lifestyle that maintains a work-recreation balance should be promoted in order to reduce the development of SHS or disease in southern China.
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- Authors
- Wu, S., Xuan, Z., Li, F., Xiao, W., Fu, X., Jiang, P., Chen, J., Xiang, L., Liu, Y., Nie, X., Luo, R., Sun, X., Kwan, H., & Zhao, X.
- Affiliations
- Nanfang Hospital (CN)
- Southern Medical University (CN)
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Corresponding author
- Zhao, Xiaoshan
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2016-03-19
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 339
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4809002
- OpenAlex
- W2299575305
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 6.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Lifestyle Studies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Keywords
- sub-health, work-life balance, health-promoting lifestyle, functional somatic symptoms, occupational stress, South China, lifestyle promotion, Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II, population health policy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, China, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Promotion, Health Status, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Recreation, Odds Ratio, Occupational Health, Workplace, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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