Customers’ Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices towards Food Hygiene and Safety Standards of Handlers in Food Facilities in Hanoi, Vietnam
Open accessAbstract
Efforts to prevent foodborne illnesses in food facilities require sufficient knowledge on hygiene and safety standards from both food processors and customers. However, studies about knowledge, attitude, and practices of customers towards these issues are constrained. This study explored the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of customers regarding the practices of food facilities as well as potential associated factors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Hanoi from September to October 2015. Questions about knowledge, attitude, and practice towards food hygiene and safety were asked, alongside sociodemographic characteristics. Multivariate Tobit regression was used to identify the associated factors with the KAP. Among 1740 customers, the highest mean score of 98.4 (SD = 10.1) was found in knowledge about practices with raw and cooked food, following by knowledge about environmental practices when processing food (mean = 93.1, SD = 17.3), and knowledge about environmental requirements when processing food (mean = 33.3, SD = 33.3). Most of customers considered the processing and selling of hygienic meals without leaving any food overnight as the most important feature for food facilities (73.8%). About 63.2% of participants chose not to report food safety violation by facilities to authorities. The higher score of knowledge was found in groups of people who were not single, had college/university or higher education, and had specific criteria when choosing their places to eat. These findings imply the need for enhancing customers’ protection systems, the capability of inspecting and supervising the food processing progress by local authorities, and the awareness of customers about the environmental requirements of food facilities.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Food spoilage and quality issues were examined in 2 studies.
“food spoilage and quality issues (n = 2) [56,63]”
From Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Urban Consumers in Low-Income and Lower-Middle-Income Countries (LLMICs): A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as [63]
The Results report that 73.8% of customers considered the freshness and cleanliness of food served the most important feature of a food facility, supporting the food-quality aspect. The paper does not report examining food spoilage. The cited paper alone cannot establish the citing document’s count of two studies. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStudies from Vietnam documented good understanding of hand hygiene and separation of raw and cooked foods.
“Furthermore, studies from Vietnam [63,68] documented good understanding of hand hygiene and separation of raw and cooked foods.”
From Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Urban Consumers in Low-Income and Lower-Middle-Income Countries (LLMICs): A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as [63]
The Results report that Hanoi customers scored highly on knowledge of practices involving raw and cooked food, including using utensils to pick up cooked food; the Discussion likewise says most had good knowledge in this area. The cited paper does not report a finding of good understanding of hand hygiene (searched: hand hygiene, hand washing, wash hands). Its respondents were customers, not food handlers. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn several studies, individuals with higher levels of education exhibited significantly better food safety knowledge and attitudes.
“In several studies, individuals with higher levels of education exhibited significantly better food safety knowledge and attitudes [57,61,62,63,65,68,72].”
From Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Urban Consumers in Low-Income and Lower-Middle-Income Countries (LLMICs): A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as [63]
The Results (section 3; page not provided) report that customers with college/university or higher education had higher food-safety knowledge scores, and the Statistical Analysis section specifies a significance threshold of p < 0.05. The paper does not report that higher education was associated with better food-safety attitudes, so it supports only the knowledge part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMost studies collected information through a combination of interviews and questionnaire-based surveys.
“Most of the studies collected information through a combination of interviews and questionnaire-based surveys [47,48,52,55,56,59,61,62,63,64,66,69].”
From Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Urban Consumers in Low-Income and Lower-Middle-Income Countries (LLMICs): A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as [63]
Among 10 studies, the proportion of female participants was notably higher than males.
“Among the 10 studies [48,49,53,56,59,62,63,66,68,69] the proportion of female participants was notably higher than the males.”
From Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Urban Consumers in Low-Income and Lower-Middle-Income Countries (LLMICs): A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as [63]
Three studies measured both food safety knowledge and attitudes.
“Ten studies [47,49,51,53,54,58,64,69,70,72] measured both food safety knowledge and practices, while three studies measured both knowledge and attitudes [63,67,68].”
From Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Urban Consumers in Low-Income and Lower-Middle-Income Countries (LLMICs): A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as [63]
Several studies reported good or satisfactory knowledge levels.
“Several studies reported good or satisfactory knowledge levels [49,50,51,52,57,58,60,63,68], while other studies described knowledge as average or mixed [47,55,61,62,67,71].”
From Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Urban Consumers in Low-Income and Lower-Middle-Income Countries (LLMICs): A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as [63]
In Vietnam, consumers prioritized freshness and cleanliness when choosing food outlets, yet 63% were unwilling to report safety violations to authorities.
“Similarly, in Vietnam, consumers prioritized freshness and cleanliness when choosing food outlets, yet 63% were unwilling to report safety violations to authorities [63].”
From Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Urban Consumers in Low-Income and Lower-Middle-Income Countries (LLMICs): A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as [63]
One additional study revealed a mixed picture.
“One additional study revealed a mixed picture [63].”
From Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Urban Consumers in Low-Income and Lower-Middle-Income Countries (LLMICs): A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as [63]
Marital status was positively associated with food safety knowledge and practices in Jordan, and with knowledge scores in Vietnam.
“Marital status was positively associated with food safety knowledge and practices in Jordan [49], and with knowledge scores in Vietnam [63].”
From Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Urban Consumers in Low-Income and Lower-Middle-Income Countries (LLMICs): A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as [63]
Only four studies comprehensively examined all three components-knowledge, attitudes, and practices.
“Only four studies [52,55,63,71] comprehensively examined all three components—knowledge, attitudes, and practices”
From Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Urban Consumers in Low-Income and Lower-Middle-Income Countries (LLMICs): A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as [63]
While three studies found adequate and satisfactory attitudes, one identified poor attitudes, and other studies revealed mixed results.
“While three studies [62,67,71] found adequate and satisfactory attitudes, one [52] identified poor attitudes, and other studies [55,63] revealed mixed results.”
From Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Urban Consumers in Low-Income and Lower-Middle-Income Countries (LLMICs): A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as [63]
Marital status and employment status also showed significant associations in a few studies.
“Marital status and employment status also showed significant associations in a few studies (e.g., [49,51,63]).”
From Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Urban Consumers in Low-Income and Lower-Middle-Income Countries (LLMICs): A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as [63]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Havelaar, A. H., Kirk, M. D., Torgerson, P. R., Gibb, H. J., Hald, T., Lake, R. J., Praet, N., Bellinger, D. C., de Silva, N. R., Gargouri, N., et al. (2015) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001923 · Cited by 2,067 · see citing works
Consumer attitudes, knowledge and behaviour: a review of food safety issues
Wilcock, A., Pun, M., Khanona, J., & Aung, M. (2004) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2003.08.004 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Kennedy, J., Jackson, V., Blair, I. S., McDowell, D. A., Cowan, C., & Bolton, D. (2005) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x-68.7.1421 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Samapundo, S., Cam Thanh, T. N., Xhaferi, R., & Devlieghere, F. (2016) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.037 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Henson, S., Majowicz, S. E., Masakure, O., Sockett, P. N., Jones, A. Q., HART, R., Carr, D., & Knowles, L. (2006) · Journal of Food Safety · doi:10.1111/j.1745-4565.2006.00049.x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Food safety in Vietnam: where we are at and what we can learn from international experiences
Nguyen-Viet, H., Hanh, T. T. T., Unger, F., Dang-Xuan, S., & Grace, D. (2017) · Infectious Diseases of Poverty · doi:10.1186/s40249-017-0249-7 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Adane, M., Teka, B., Gismu, Y., Halefom, G., & Ademe, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0196919 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Hoi, P. V., MOL, A. P. J., & Oosterveer, P. J. M. (2009) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.09.008 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Food Safety, a Global Challenge
Uyttendaele, M., Franz, E., & Schlüter, O. K. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph13010067 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Hygienic Practices among Food Vendors in Educational Institutions in Ghana: The Case of Konongo
Monney, I., Agyei, D., & Owusu, W. (2013) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods2030282 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Consumer perceptions on food safety in Asian and Mexican restaurants
Lee, L. E., Niode, O., Simonne, A., & Bruhn, C. (2012) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.02.010 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Dining for Safety: Consumer Perceptions of Food Safety and Eating Out
Knight, A. J., Worosz, M. R., & Todd, E. C. D. (2009) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research · doi:10.1177/1096348009344211 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
CONSUMER ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY IN THE DOMESTIC KITCHEN
Redmond, E. C., & Griffith, C. J. (2004) · Journal of Food Safety · doi:10.1111/j.1745-4565.2004.tb00383.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Constrained consumer practices and food safety concerns in H anoi
Wertheim‐Heck, S., Vellema, S., & Spaargaren, G. (2014) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12093 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Dang-Xuan, S., Nguyen‐Viet, H., Meeyam, T., Fries, R., Nguyen-Thanh, H., Pham-Duc, P., Lâm, S., Grace, D., & Unger, F. (2016) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-402 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
FOOD SAFETY KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF CONSUMERS OF VARIOUS FOOD SERVICE ESTABLISHMENTS
Gurudasani, R., & Sheth, M. K. (2009) · Journal of Food Safety · doi:10.1111/j.1745-4565.2009.00162.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Social representations of safety in food services
Behrens, J. H., Vedovato, G. M., Cervato-Mancuso, A. M., & Bastos, D. H. M. (2015) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2015.05.024 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Tran, B. X., Do, H., Nguyen, L. T., Boggiano, V. L., Le, H. T., Le, X. T. T., Trinh, N. B., Khánh, Đ. N., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyễn, T. T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-161 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [5]Vietnam Ministry of Health Joint Annual Health Review 2015 Vietnam Ministry of Health Hanoi, Vietnam 2016 Available online: http://jahr.org.vn/downloads/JAHR2015/JAHR2015_full_EN.pdf (accessed on 15 July 2018)
- [8]Thang T.C. Linh D.T.B. Food Safety Policy Review Available online: http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=408 (accessed on 13 April 2015)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Internet of Things in food safety: Literature review and a bibliometric analysis
Bouzembrak, Y., Klüche, M., Gavai, A., & Marvin, H. J. P. (2019) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2019.11.002 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Liguori, J., Trübswasser, U., Pradeilles, R., Port, A. L., Landais, E., Talsma, E. F., Lundy, M., Béné, C., Bricas, N., Laar, A. K., et al. (2021) · Global Food Security · doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100606 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Effects of Food-Additive-Information on Consumers’ Willingness to Accept Food with Additives
Zhong, Y., Wu, L., Chen, X., Huang, Z., & Hu, W. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15112394 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Inclusiveness of consumer access to food safety: Evidence from certified rice in Vietnam
My, N. H. D., Demont, M., & Verbeke, W. (2021) · Global Food Security · doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100491 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Desye, B., Tesfaye, A. H., Daba, C., & Berihun, G. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287996 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
How do consumers perceive food safety risks? – Results from a multi-country survey
Djekic, I. V., Nikolić, A., Mujčinović, A., Blažić, M., Herljevic, D., Goel, G., Trafiałek, J., Czarniecka‐Skubina, E., Guiné, R. P. F., Gonçalves, J. C., et al. (2022) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109216 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Factors affecting consumers’ food safety behavior in Vietnam
Luu, P. H., Hanh, T. T. T., & Truong, T. X. (2022) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109294 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Alhashim, L. A., Alshahrani, N. Z., Alshahrani, A. M., Khalil, S. N., Alrubayii, M. A., Alateeq, S. K., & Zakaria, O. M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19074322 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Al-Makhroumi, N., Al-Khusaibi, M. K., Al-Subhi, L., Bulushi, I. M. A., & Al-Ruzeiqi, M. (2022) · Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jssas.2022.02.001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Mshelia, A. B., Osman, M. B., & Misni, N. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262313 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Food safety knowledge among Jordanians: A national study
Okour, A. M., Zein, E. I. A., Saadeh, R., & Alfaqih, M. A. (2020) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107216 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Food Safety and Sanitation Implementation Impasse on Adolescents in Kenyan High Schools
Illés, C. B., Dunay, A., Serrem, C. A., Atubukha, B., & Serrem, K. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18031304 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Wang, W., Liu, Y., Zhang, L., Li, R., Xiong, S., & Tan, X. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126367 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Tchuenchieu, A. K., Kesa, H., & Onyenweaku, E. O. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09785 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression among postgraduate trainees in Qassim, Saudi Arabia
Alrasheedi, J., & Rabbani, U. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525020 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
El-Gamal, F., Bajubair, A. M., Hejji, A. T., Jarwan, A. S., & Salah, J. N. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525029 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Linh, D. H., Dung, N. D., Tu, L. M., Son, H. N., & Kingsbury, A. J. (2021) · Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations · doi:10.4018/jeco.2021070105 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hou, K., & Xu, J. (2021) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-205376 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
RetractedDang, H., & Au, D. T. H. (2021) · Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1590/fst.30221 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mai, S. T., & Tran, M. D. (2019) · Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development · doi:10.7176/jesd/10-7-02 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Almutairi, M. R., & Jahan, S. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525038 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Aldekhail, N. D., & Sulaiman, A. A. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525022 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kiprotich, A., Wangalwa, R., Atwebembeire, J., & Kagoro‐Rugunda, G. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1419424/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Choudhury, S., Medina-Lara, A., Bi, A. Z., Ricarte, P., Morrish, N., & Veettil, P. C. (2026) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods15081381 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Few studies examined chemical contamination such as heavy metals and adulteration (n = 2) [48,61], food spoilage and quality issues (n = 2) [56,63], and zoonotic disease transmission (n = 1) [64].”
InfluentialFamily physicians and patients’ compliance
Ismail, M., Nur, M. A., & Joudeh, A. I. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525041 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kien, N. D., Kim, O. V. T., Thanh, N. L. T., Tan, Q. T., My, N. H. D., & Dung, T. Q. (2025) · Ekonomika poljoprivrede · doi:10.59267/ekopolj2503813d · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bakri, M. A. A., & El‐Setouhy, M. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525026 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Madeghe, B. A., Moyo, M., Mwaura, L., Magnaghi, A., & Muzhingi, T. (2021) · Food science and quality management · doi:10.7176/fsqm/110-05
Mathew, K., Mohideen, F. S., & Honest, P. C. R. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525025
Nur, M. A. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525040
Predictors of Waterpipe Smoking among Male Students of Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Khormi, M. A., Sabai, A. I., Maashi, A. Y., Khormi, M. A., Hadadi, A., Maashi, A. M., Mojiri, M. E., Zalah, A. A., Shok, M. A., & Shawsh, A. M. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525037
Children’s vision health during the COVID-19 pandemic
Timorkhan, M. A., & Ibraheem, M. Y. T. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525024
Barriers Facing Primary Health Care Physicians in Jazan when Dealing with Emergency Cases
Holal, S. A. A., & Abdelwahid, H. A. E. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525028 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Acute chest syndrome and pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell diseases
Helvacı, M. R., Altıntaşž, E., Yalçın, A., Muftuoglu, O. E., Abyad, A., & Pocock, L. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525023
What it costs to access skilled birth attendance in Pakistan
Khan, N., Khan, M. A., Khan, S. E., Khan, M. A., & Warraitch, A. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525027
Elnahas, H. G., Khafagy, G. M., el-Sattar, E. M. A., & Elsayed, R. M. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525039
Analysis of Consumers’ Attitudes and Preferences Toward Fermented Dairy Products
Krilić, A., Hodžić, N., & Bećirović, E. (2024) · Maso International · doi:10.2478/mjfst-2024-0006
Statistical Assessment of Food Safety Knowledge Among Consumers in Demerara-Mahaica, Guyana
Francois, L., Renville, D. S., Bernard, B., & Barton, T. (2026) · Science Journal of Public Health · doi:10.11648/j.sjph.20261402.14
Amin, M. R., Alam, M. M., Sarwar, S., Mahbub, M. J., Jui, A. H., Sumon, G. M. R., & Khondker, R. (2026) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.72357
- Authors
- Nguyen, A. T. L., Tran, B. X., Le, H. T., Le, X. T. T., Do, K. N., Do, H. T., Vu, G. T., Nguyen, L. H., Latkin, C. A., Ho, C. S. H., & Ho, R. C. M.
- Affiliations
- Hanoi Medical University (VN)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Duy Tan University (VN)
- Trường ĐH Nguyễn Tất Thành (VN)
- National University Hospital (SG)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Tran, Bach Xuan
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-09-25
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2101
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6211044
- OpenAlex
- W2892590800
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 2.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Safety and Hygiene
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- food hygiene, food safety, food handlers, foodborne illness prevention, food safety violations, food choice criteria, sociodemographic factors, Hanoi
- MeSH terms
- Dietary Exposure, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Food Handling, Food Services, Humans, Hygiene, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Vietnam, Multivariate Analysis, Young Adult, Food Safety
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
