Time trends in the co-use of cannabis and the misuse of tranquilizers, sedatives and sleeping pills among young adults in Spain between 2009 and 2015
Open accessAbstract
The aims of this study were: (a) to estimate time trends in the prevalence of the co-use of cannabis and other cannabis-based products (CBP) with the misuse of tranquilizers, sedatives, and sleeping pills (TSSp) between 2009 and 2015; and (b) to identify the factors associated with the probability of the co-use of CBP with TSSp misuse during this period among Spanish younger adults (15-34 years old). We analyzed data collected from the Spanish National Surveys on Alcohol and Other Drugs (EDADES) in 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015. CBP co-use with TSSp misuse were the dependent variables. We also analyzed sociodemographic features, self-perceived health status, lifestyle habits, perceived health risk of consumption, and perceived availability of substance using logistic regression models. The prevalence of CBP co-use with TSSp misuse has decreased in Spain. The factors associated with co-use were a lack of education (OR 2.34), alcohol (OR 7.2), tobacco (OR 6.3) and other illicit psychoactive drug (OR 6.5) consumption, perceived non-health risk for the consumption of CBP and TSSp (OR 3.27), and perceived availability of CBP (OR 2.96). Our study identified several factors that appear to affect CBP and TSSp co-use in younger adults, with potential implications for healthcare providers.
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In young adults, low level of schooling and use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs correlate with the inappropriate use of sedatives and hypnotics.
“In young adults, low level of schooling and use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs correlate with the inappropriate use of sedatives and hypnotics.”
From Z-drug abuse and dependence: Clinical guideline of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology for diagnosis and management (2025) · cites this paper as [43]
The Conclusions (page not provided) associate lack of education and use of alcohol, tobacco, and other illicit drugs with greater consumption among young adults. However, the study’s outcome is specifically the co-use of cannabis with misuse of tranquilizers, sedatives, and sleeping pills, not inappropriate use of sedatives and hypnotics on its own. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Stelzer, F. G., Bacelar, A., Éckeli, A. L., Negrão, A. B., Almeida, C. M. O., Franco, C. M. R., Pires, G. N., Gitaí, L. L. G., Sobreira-Neto, M. A., Assis, M., et al. (2025) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1055/s-0045-1812323 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Palacios-Ceña, D., Jiménez-Trujillo, I., Hernández-Barrera, V., Lima Florencio, L., & Carrasco-Garrido, P.
- Affiliations
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Research Group of Humanities and Qualitative Research in Health Science of Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (Hum&QRinHS), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Teaching and Research Unit, Health Sciences Faculty Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcon, 28922 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-09-15
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 3423
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6765996
- OpenAlex
- W2973105575
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 0.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (No. PI16/00691)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Keywords
- cannabis co-use, cannabis-based products, polydrug use, young adults, temporal trends, substance use prevalence, alcohol consumption, tobacco use, health risk perception, sociodemographic factors, Spain
- MeSH terms
- Sleep Aids, Pharmaceutical, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Marijuana Smoking, Self Concept, Spain, Tranquilizing Agents, Prevalence, Substance-Related Disorders, History, 21st Century, Young Adult
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