Gender Differences in the Relationships among Metabolic Syndrome and Various Obesity-Related Indices with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Taiwanese Population
Open accessAbstract
is increasing worldwide, and it is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and some obesity-related indices. However, few studies have investigated gender differences in these associations. The aim of this study was to investigate associations among MetS and various obesity-related indices with NAFLD, and also look at gender differences in these associations. We enrolled participants who completed a health survey in southern Taiwan. MetS was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III for Asians, and the following obesity-related indices were calculated: body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-hip ratio (WHR), lipid accumulation product (LAP), body roundness index (BRI), conicity index (CI), visceral adiposity index (VAI), body adiposity index (BAI), abdominal volume index (AVI), triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, and hepatic steatosis index (HSI). NAFLD was diagnosed when hepatic steatosis was noted on a liver ultrasound. A total of 1969 (764 men and 1205 women) participants were enrolled. Multivariable analysis showed that both male and female participants with MetS, high BMI, high WHtR, high WHR, high LAP, high BRI, high CI, high VAI, high BAI, high AVI, high TyG index, and high HSI were significantly associated with NAFLD. In addition, the interactions between MetS and gender, WHR and gender, LAP and gender, and TyG index and gender on NAFLD were statistically significant. Among these obesity-related indices, HSI and LAP had the greatest area under the curve in both men and women. Furthermore, stepwise increases in the number of MetS components and the values of indices corresponding to the severity of NAFLD were noted. In conclusion, our results demonstrated significant relationships between MetS and obesity-related indices with NAFLD, and also stepwise increases in the number of MetS components and the values of indices with the severity of NAFLD. MetS, WHR, LAP, and TyG index were associated with NAFLD more obviously in women than in men.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Two studies [24, 25] were rated as low-quality evidence due to serious limitations in risk of bias, supporting weak recommendations.
“Two studies [24, 25] were rated as low-quality evidence due to serious limitations in risk of bias, supporting weak recommendations.”
From Effectiveness of body roundness index for the prediction of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [24]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A New Equation to Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate
Levey, A. S., Stevens, L. A., Schmid, C. H., Zhang, Y. (., Castro, A. F., Feldman, H. I., Kusek, J. W., Eggers, P., Van Lente, F., Greene, T., et al. (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006 · Cited by 25,603 · see citing works
The Global Epidemic of the Metabolic Syndrome
Saklayen, M. G. (2018) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-018-0812-z · Cited by 3,990 · see citing works
Chalasani, N., Younossi, Z. M., Lavine, J. E., Diehl, A. M., Brunt, E. M., Cusi, K. J., Charlton, M., & Sanyal, A. J. (2012) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.25762 · Cited by 3,798 · see citing works
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver, Steatohepatitis, and the Metabolic Syndrome
Marchesini, G., Bugianesi, E., Forlani, G., Cerrelli, F., Lenzi, M., Manini, R., Natale, S., Vanni, E., Villanova, N., Melchionda, N., et al. (2003) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50161 · Cited by 2,676 · see citing works
Williams, C. D., Stengel, J. Z., Asike, M., Torres, D. M., Shaw, J. C., Contreras, M., Landt, C. L., & Harrison, S. A. (2010) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.09.038 · Cited by 2,146 · see citing works
Guerrero-Romero, F., Simental-Mendía, L. E., González-Ortiz, M., Martínez-Abundis, E., Ramos-Zavala, M. G., Hernández-González, S. O., Jacques-Camarena, O., & Rodríguez-Moran, M. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0288 · Cited by 2,025 · see citing works
Amato, M. C., Giordano, C., Galia, M., Criscimanna, A., Vitabile, S., Midiri, M., Galluzzo, A., & for the AlkaMeSy Study Group (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1825 · Cited by 1,751 · see citing works
Hepatic steatosis index: A simple screening tool reflecting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Lee, J., Kim, D., Kim, H. J., Lee, C., Yang, J. I., Kim, W. K., Kim, Y. J., Yoon, J., Cho, S., Sung, M., et al. (2009) · Digestive and Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/j.dld.2009.08.002 · Cited by 1,644 · see citing works
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis
Targher, G., Byrne, C. D., Lonardo, A., Zoppini, G., & Barbui, C. (2016) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.013 · Cited by 1,429 · see citing works
Bedogni, G., Miglioli, L., Masutti, F., Tiribelli, C., Marchesini, G., & Bellentani, S. (2005) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.20734 · Cited by 1,250 · see citing works
Bhaskaran, K., dos-Santos-Silva, I., Leon, D. A., Douglas, I. J., & Smeeth, L. (2018) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30288-2 · Cited by 1,228 · see citing works
Thomas, D. M., Bredlau, C., Bosy-Westphal, A., Mueller, M., Shen, W., Gallagher, D., Maeda, Y., McDougall, A., Peterson, C. M., Ravussin, E., et al. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20408 · Cited by 1,074 · see citing works
Lonardo, A., Nascimbeni, F., Ballestri, S., Fairweather, D., Win, S., Than, T. A., Abdelmalek, M. F., & Suzuki, A. (2019) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.30626 · Cited by 1,057 · see citing works
A Better Index of Body Adiposity
Bergman, R. N., Stefanovski, D., Buchanan, T. A., Sumner, A. E., Reynolds, J. C., Sebring, N. G., Xiang, A. H., & Watanabe, R. M. (2011) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.38 · Cited by 1,033 · see citing works
Increased visceral fat and decreased energy expenditure during the menopausal transition
Lovejoy, J. C., Champagne, C. M., de Jonge, L., Xie, H., & Smith, S. R. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.25 · Cited by 1,020 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, more visceral fat accumulation), dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance, which are associated with increased IR, cardiovascular disease and NAFLD [54,55].”
BackgroundKahn, H. S. (2005) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2261-5-26 · Cited by 977 · see citing works
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Clark, J. M., Brancati, F. L., & Diehl, A. M. (2002) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/gast.2002.33573 · Cited by 926 · see citing works
Gaggini, M., Morelli, M., Buzzigoli, E., DeFronzo, R. A., Bugianesi, E., & Gastaldelli, A. (2013) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu5051544 · Cited by 824 · see citing works
Tan, C. T., Ma, S., Wai, D. C. H., Chew, S. K., & Tai, E. S. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.5.1182 · Cited by 824 · see citing works
The epidemiology of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Bellentani, S. (2017) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.13299 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity: Biochemical, metabolic and clinical presentations
Milić, S. (2014) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i28.9330 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Modulation of Insulin Resistance in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Khan, R. S., Bril, F., Cusi, K. J., & Newsome, P. N. (2018) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.30429 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Obesity, Bioactive Lipids, and Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Insulin Resistance
Kojta, I., Chacińska, M., & Błachnio-Zabielska, A. U. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051305 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Farrell, G. C., Chitturi, S., Lau, G. K. K., Sollano, J. D., & NAFLD, F. T. A. W. P. O. (2007) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05002.x · Cited by 518 · see citing works
A simple model-based index of abdominal adiposity
Valdez, R. G. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(91)90059-i · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Mantovani, A., Petracca, G., Beatrice, G., Tilg, H., Byrne, C. D., & Targher, G. (2021) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322572 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Gender and menopause impact severity of fibrosis among patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Yang, J. D., Abdelmalek, M. F., Pang, H., Guy, C. D., Smith, A. D., Diehl, A. M., & Suzuki, A. (2014) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.26761 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Role of estrogens in adipocyte development and function
Cooke, P. S., & Naaz, A. (2004) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/153537020422901107 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
The morphology and metabolism of intraabdominal adipose tissue in men
Mårin, P., Andersson, B., Ottosson, M., Olbe, L. C., Chowdhury, B., Kvist, H., Holm, G., Sjöström, L., & Björntorp, P. A. (1992) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(92)90016-4 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Prevalence of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Taiwan
Hwang, L., Bai, C., & Chen, C. (2006) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60161-3 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
The Role of Insulin Resistance and Diabetes in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fujii, H., Kawada, N., & Japan Study Group of NAFLD (JSG-NAFLD) (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21113863 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Update 2010
Fan, J., Jia, J. D., Li, Y. M., Wang, B. Y., Lu, L., Shi, J., & Chan, L.-Y. (2010) · Journal of Digestive Diseases · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2980.2010.00476.x · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Isomaa, B., Henricsson, M., Almgren, P.-E., Tuomi, T., Taskinen, M., & Groop, L. (2001) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250100615 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of alcoholic liver disease: Update 2010
Li, Y. M., Fan, J., Wang, B. Y., Lu, L., Shi, J., Niu, J. Q., & Wei, S. H. E. N. (2010) · Journal of Digestive Diseases · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2980.2010.00477.x · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Guerrero‐Romero, F., & Rodríguez‐Morán, M. (2003) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/s0188-4409(03)00073-0 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Sirota, J. C., McFann, K., Targher, G., Johnson, R. J., Chonchol, M., & Jalal, D. I. (2012) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.08.013 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Association of Adipokines with Development and Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Boutari, C., Perakakis, N., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2018) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2018.33.1.33 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Cholesterol and atherosclerosis
Barton, M. (2013) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e3283613a94 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Ballestri, S., Nascimbeni, F., Baldelli, E., Marrazzo, A., Romagnoli, D., Targher, G., & Lonardo, A. (2017) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.04.003 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Lonardo, A., & Suzuki, A. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9051278 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Four anthropometric indices and cardiovascular risk factors in Taiwan
Huang, K.-C., Lin, W.-Y., Lee, L.-T., Chen, C.-Y., Lo, H., Hsia, H.-H., Liu, I.-L., Shau, W., & Lin, R.-S. (2002) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802047 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Dai, H., Wang, W., Chen, R., Chen, Z., Lu, Y., & Yuan, H. (2017) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-017-0206-2 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Prevalence and factors associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in shanghai work-units
Hu, X., Huang, Y., Bao, Z., Wang, Y., Shi, D., Liu, F., Gao, Z., & Yu, X. (2012) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/1471-230x-12-123 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Hsiao, T.-J., Chen, J., & Wang, J.-D. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802519 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Cheng, C., Ho, C., Yang, C.-F., Huang, Y., Lai, C.-H., & Liaw, Y. (2010) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2010.08.007 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Frith, J., Day, C. P., Robinson, L. J., Elliott, C., Jones, D. E. J., & Newton, J. L. (2009) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2009.10.010 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Motamed, N., Rabiee, B., Hemasi, G. R., Ajdarkosh, H., Khonsari, M. R., Maadi, M., Keyvani, H., & Zamani, F. (2016) · Hepatitis Monthly · doi:10.5812/hepatmon.39575 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Intrahepatic Lipids Are Predicted by Visceral Adipose Tissue Mass in Healthy Subjects
Thamer, C., Machann, J., Haap, M. M., Stefan, N., Heller, E., Schnödt, B., Stümvoll, M., Claussen, C. D., Fritsche, A., Schick, F., et al. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.11.2726 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Lin, M., Lin, T.-H., Guo, S., Tsai, M.-H., Chiang, M.-S., Huang, T., & Chen, M. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4868-5 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Anthropometric parameter that best predict metabolic syndrome in South west Nigeria
Adejumo, E. N., Adejumo, A. O., Azenabor, A., Ekun, A. O., Enitan, S. S., Adebola, O. K., & Ogundahunsi, O. A. (2018) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2018.08.009 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Praveenraj, P., Gomes, R. M., Kumar, S. S., Karthikeyan, P., Annapoorni, S., Parthasarathi, R., Senthilnathan, P., Rajapandian, S., & Palanivelu, C. (2015) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-015-1655-1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
High waist-to-hip ratio levels are associated with insulin resistance markers in normal-weight women
Benites-Zapata, V. A., Toro-Huamanchumo, C. J., Urrunaga‐Pastor, D., Guarnizo-Poma, M., Lázaro-Alcántara, H., Paico-Palacios, S., Pantoja-Torres, B., & Ranilla-Seguin, V. D. C. (2018) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2018.11.043 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Manco, M. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2011.10719972 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Mansour‐Ghanaei, R., Mansour‐Ghanaei, F., Naghipour, M., Joukar, F., Roshan, Z. A., Tabatabaii, M., & Ghorani, N. (2018) · Journal of Medicine and Life · doi:10.25122/jml-2018-0031 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Visceral adiposity indicators as predictors of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women
İlhan, G. A., & Yıldızhan, B. (2019) · Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology · doi:10.4274/tjod.galenos.2019.62558 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Motamed, N., Sohrabi, M., Poustchi, H., Maadi, M., Malek, M., Keyvani, H., Amoli, M. S., & Zamani, F. (2016) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2016.08.024 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Hu, J., Li, Z., Li, T., Chen, M., Wu, L., Liu, W., Han, H., Yao, R., & Fu, L. (2019) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s221786 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Nelson, S. M., Hoskins, J. D., Lisanti, C. J., & Chaudhuri, J. (2019) · Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.1002/jum.15154 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Lipid accumulation product is a predictor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in childhood obesity
Özcabı, B., Demirhan, S., Akyol, M., Akay, H., & Güven, A. (2019) · Korean Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.3345/kjp.2019.00248 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Yoo, H. J., Hong, S., Kim, J. A., Lee, Y., Roh, E., Mook, C. K., & Baik, S. H. (2019) · Endocrine Abstracts · doi:10.1530/endoabs.63.p176 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lipid Accumulation Product is a Predictor of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Childhood Obesity
Özcabı, B., Demirhan, S., Akyol, M., Akay, H., & Güven, A. (2018) · 57th Annual ESPE · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sheng, G., Lu, S., Xie, Q., Peng, N., Kuang, M., & Zou, Y. (2021) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-021-01561-2 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Ebrahimi, M., Seyedi, S. A., Nabipoorashrafi, S. A., Rabizadeh, S., Sarzaeim, M., Yadegar, A., Mohammadi, F., Bahri, R. A., Pakravan, P., Shafiekhani, P., et al. (2023) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-023-01802-6 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Wang, J., Yan, S., Cui, Y., Chen, F., Piao, M., & Cui, W. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14234969 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Li, H., Zhang, Y., Luo, H., & Lin, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.977625 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Ling, Q., Chen, J., Liu, X., Xu, Y., Ma, J., Yu, P., Zheng, K., Liu, F., & Luo, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1043169 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Ismaiel, A., Jaaouani, A., Leucuta, D., Popa, S., & Dumitrascu, D. L. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9121890 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Jeyakumar, S. M., & Vajreswari, A. (2022) · World Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.4254/wjh.v14.i1.168 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Liu, Y., & Wang, W. (2022) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-021-01617-3 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Beran, A., Ayesh, H., Mhanna, M., Wahood, W., Ghazaleh, S., Abuhelwa, Z., Sayeh, W., Aladamat, N., Musallam, R., Matar, R., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11092666 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Cai, J., Lin, C., Lai, S., Liu, Y., Liang, M., Qin, Y., Liang, X., Tan, A., Gao, Y., Lu, Z., et al. (2021) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-021-01568-9 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Huang, S.-H., Chen, S., Geng, J., Wu, D., & Li, C.-H. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14081535 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationDündar, C., Terzi, Ö., & Arslan, H. N. (2023) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-023-03892-8 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Su, S.-Y., Lin, T.-H., Liu, Y., Wu, P.-Y., Huang, J., Su, H., & Chen, S. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15153419 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationShi, J., Chen, J., Zhang, Z., & Qian, G. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19657-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Wung, C.-H., Chung, C., Wu, P.-Y., Huang, J., Tsai, Y., Chen, S., Chiu, Y., & Chang, J. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11080775 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, W.-C., Wu, P.-Y., Huang, J., Tsai, Y., Chiu, Y., Chen, S., Chang, J., & Chen, H. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12060972 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationWaist to height ratio in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease – Systematic review and meta-analysis
Ismaiel, A., Hosiny, B. E., Ismaiel, M., Leucuta, D., Popa, S., Cătană, C.-S., & Dumitrascu, D. L. (2023) · Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.clinre.2023.102160 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Jiang, N., Zhang, S., Chu, J., Yang, N., & Lu, M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.24973 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Chung, T., Liu, Y., Wu, P.-Y., Huang, J., & Chen, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1094471 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationYetim, A., Şahin, M., Kandemir, İ., Bulakçı, B., Aksakal, M. Z. T., Karapınar, E., Sever, H., & Baş, F. (2024) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-024-02144-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Khanmohammadi, S., Fallahtafti, P., Habibzadeh, A., Ezzatollahi Tanha, A., Alamdari, A. A., Fallahtafti, P., & Shafi Kuchay, M. (2025) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-025-02544-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Two studies [24, 25] were rated as low-quality evidence due to serious limitations in risk of bias, supporting weak recommendations.”
Gu, D., Lu, Y., Xu, B., & Tang, X. (2023) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s437413 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Jao, H.-F., Wung, C.-H., Yu, H.-C., Lee, M., Chen, P., Chen, S., & Chang, J. (2021) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.63180 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationJulián, M. T., Arteaga, Í., Torán‐Monserrat, P., Pera, G., de, A. P.-M., Ruiz-Rojano, I., Casademunt-Gras, E., Chacón, C., & Alonso, N. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16111586 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mari, L., Lazzer, S., Gatti, A., D’Alleva, M., Zaccaron, S., Stafuzza, J., Rejc, E., Vandoni, M., Bondesan, A., Caroli, D., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14062085 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Yi, X., Zhu, S., & Zhu, L. (2022) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-022-01636-8 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wang, X., Yan, H. Y., Zhong, W., Xie, J., Chen, H., Wang, J., Song, W., Shen, D., Zhang, P., Zhang, X., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70536 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Park, E., Lee, C.-G., Jeon, H., Jeong, H., Yeo, S., Yong, Y., & Jeong, S. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11113187 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lajeunesse‐Trempe, F., Dugas, S., Maltais‐Payette, I., Tremblay, È.-J., Piché, M., Dimitriadis, G. K., Lafortune, A., Marceau, S., Biertho, L. D., & Tchernof, A. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1155/cjgh/5545227 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The relationship between hepatic steatosis index and hypertension: NHANES 2011–2018
Zhang, W., Gao, B., Wang, Y., Cao, Y., & Wang, J. (2025) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-025-04744-2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Huang, C., Gao, Z., Zhenxia, H., & Xu, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-99540-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Huang, M., Yang, Y., Chen, C., Luo, R.-X., Wen, C.-Q., Li, Y., Zeng, L.-P., Li, X.-Y., & Yin, Z. (2022) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.4103/aja202249 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The impact of economic growth on public health and well-being: An empirical analysis of Saudi Arabia
Hussien, H. H., Hagabdulla, N. H., Ahmed, K. M. Y., Albadwi, F. I. A., & ALotaibi, K. N. A. K. N. (2025) · Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity · doi:10.1016/j.joitmc.2025.100564 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kaushal, K., Singh, S., Anand, A., Ramakrishna, G., Kale, P. R., Sharma, R., Rewari, B. B., & Sarin, S. K. (2026) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2026.103533 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chen, L., Liu, Y., Chen, S., & Su, H. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15030605 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationRodríguez-Hernández, H., & Simental‐Mendía, L. E. (2023) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-023-03335-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ning, L., & Sun, J. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15467-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Liu, C., Li, C., Fu, J., Bai, L., Wang, M., Song, P., & Zheng, M. (2025) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-025-04195-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wang, X., Zhao, D., Cheng, L., Gao, J., Li, J., & Geng, C. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000034638 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Xu, X., Yang, J., Li, Y., Yang, L., Zeng, X., & Chen, B. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000042213 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Alqahtani, S. A., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Ajabnoor, G., AlRaddadi, Z., Al-Ahmadi, J., Alhabash, A., Hakim, R., Alseraihi, L. I., & Bahijri, S. (2024) · Nutrition and Metabolic Insights · doi:10.1177/11786388241259942 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Association between TyG index and MASLD in lean young adults: a retrospective study
Xiao, W., Sun, X., Lv, H., Liu, X., & Zhu, J. (2025) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-025-02029-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Vera-Ponce, V. J., Zuzunaga-Montoya, F. E., Vásquez-Romero, L. E. M., Loayza-Castro, J. A., Paucar, C. R. I., Vigil-Ventura, E., & Carrillo, C. I. G. D. (2024) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-024-01411-y · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bittencourt, J. A. S., Sousa, C. M., Santana, E. É. C., de Moraes, Y. A. C., Carneiro, É. C. R. D. L., Fontes, A. J. C., das Chagas, L. A., Melo, N. A. C., Pereira, C. L., Penha, M. S. C., et al. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2023-0135en · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hacıağaoğlu, N., Öner, C., Çeti̇n, H., & Şimşek, E. E. (2024) · Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.12669/pjms.41.1.9261 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Vera-Ponce, V. J., Vásquez-Romero, L. E. M., Zuzunaga-Montoya, F. E., Loayza-Castro, J. A., Hidalgo, J. R. A., & Carrillo, C. I. G. D. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-025-01622-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Eslami, M., Fakhrzadeh, H., Pourghazi, F., Moodi, M., Hezaveh, Z. S., Arzaghi, S. M., Khodabakhshi, H., Khorashadizadeh, M., Ejtahed, H., & Sharifi, F. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-023-01373-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rodríguez-Granillo, G. A., Poggio, R., Rubilar, A., Arias, S. G., Solari, C., Greca, A. L., Luzzani, C., Fontana, L. A., Arnone, C. V., Ingino, C. A., et al. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.11.010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., & Wu, Q. (2023) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s428523 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bittencourt, J. A. S., Sousa, C. M., Santana, E. É. C., de Moraes, Y. A. C., Carneiro, É. C. R. D. L., Fontes, A. J. C., das Chagas, L. A., Melo, N. A. C., Pereira, C. L., Penha, M. S. C., et al. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2023-0135pt · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Díaz-Ortega, J. L., Caballero-Vidal, J., Yupari-Azabache, I. L., Sevilla, J. M. A., & Parada, N. E. C. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61030419 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Guo, X., & Liang, M. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-649055/v1
Talip, S. B., Mahmood, M. H., Murad, A. H. A., Edmand, C. D., Gengatharan, V., & Ho, Y. K. K. (2022) · Trends in Undergraduate Research · doi:10.33736/tur.5118.2022
Yetim, A., Şahin, M., Kandemir, İ., Bulakçı, B., Aksakal, M. Z. T., Karapınar, E., Sever, H., & Baş, F. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3847574/v1
Cai, J., Lin, C., Lai, S., Liu, Y., Liang, M., Qin, Y., Liang, X., Tan, A., Gao, Y., Lü, Z., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16893148
Ni, J., Huang, Y., Xiang, Q., Zheng, Q., Xu, X., Qin, Z., Sheng, G., & Li, L. (2024) · Interactive Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.2196/56035
Li, Y., Wu, H., Lu, Y., Shang, J., Cheng, Y., Cao, X., Tan, Z., Cai, Q., Xu, H., & Guo, B. (2025) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.20183
盛国太, Lu, S., Xie, Q., Peng, N., Kuang, M., & Zou, Y. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16780902
Ebrahimi, M., Seyedi, S. A., Nabipoorashrafi, S. A., Rabizadeh, S., Sarzaeim, M., Yadegar, A., Mohammadi, F., Bahri, R. A., Pakravan, P., Shafiekhani, P., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26575346
Cai, J., Lin, C., Shuiqing, L., Liu, Y., Liang, M., Qin, Y., Liang, X., Tan, A., Gao, Y., Lu, Z., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16893145
Ebrahimi, M., Seyedi, S. A., Nabipoorashrafi, S. A., Rabizadeh, S., Sarzaeim, M., Yadegar, A., Mohammadi, F., Bahri, R. A., Pakravan, P., Shafiekhani, P., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26575349
Hezaveh, E. B., Hashemi, R., Noorafrooz, M., Sheikhzadeh, M., Ebrahimi, A., Yadegar, A., Nakhjavani, M., Esteghamati, A., & Rabizadeh, S. (2026) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-026-03935-7
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome
Patil, V. C., Pathade, A. G., Bhagat, A., Patil, H. V., & Kasireddy, S. R. (2026) · Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University · doi:10.4103/jdmimsu.jdmimsu_646_24
Jeon, H., Kim, S. H., & Shin, D. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0346774
Arslan, G., Deveci, M., Er, E., & Dündar, B. N. (2026) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-026-07107-x
Associations of heavy metal exposure with NAFLD and the potential mediating role of the TyG index
Yang, Y., Zhang, M., Xie, C., Huang, Y. N., Li, Y., Cai, J., & Zhang, Z. (2026) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-026-04777-z
Twelve-Month BMI and Metabolic Changes After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Women with Severe Obesity
Sgarioni, A. C., Farina, G. S., Bressan, T. S., Dalfovo, M. P., Carli, G. M. D., GIOVANARDI, H. J., Giovanardi, G. S., Selistre, L. D. S., & Garcia, R. M. R. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15155764
Sato, S., Om, R., Kawai, H., Yamaguchi, M., Nago, H., Terai, Y., Kita, Y., Ikeda, Y., Sato, S., Murata, A., et al. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1080/00365521.2026.2709613
Motkowska, A. M., Lebensztejn, A., Tuchlinski, B., Trochimczyk, K., Flisiak‐Jackiewicz, M., Bobrus‐Chociej, A., Rogalska, M., Cudowska, B., Zdanowicz, K., & Lebensztejn, D. M. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18182996
- Authors
- Lin, I.-T., Lee, M.-Y., Wang, C.-W., Wu, D.-W., & Chen, S.-C.
- Affiliations
- Kaohsiung Medical University (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Szu-Chia
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-01-20
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 857
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7908550
- OpenAlex
- W3122788918
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 8.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center (KMU-TC108A01)
- Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital (kmhk-S-108-003)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, sex differences, waist-to-hip ratio, lipid accumulation product, triglyceride-glucose index, hepatic steatosis index, visceral fat, hepatic steatosis, Taiwanese population
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Obesity, Sex Characteristics, Taiwan, Body Mass Index, Metabolic Syndrome, Asian People, Waist Circumference, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
