The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Defining Post-COVID Symptoms (Post-Acute COVID, Long COVID, Persistent Post-COVID): An Integrative Classification
Open accessAbstract
The pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has provoked a second pandemic, the “long-haulers”, i.e., individuals presenting with post-COVID symptoms. We propose that to determine the presence of post-COVID symptoms, symptoms should appear after the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, this situation has some problems due to the fact that not all people infected by SARS-CoV-2 receive such diagnosis. Based on relapsing/remitting nature of post-COVID symptoms, the following integrative classification is proposed: potentially infection related-symptoms (up to 4–5 weeks), acute post-COVID symptoms (from week 5 to week 12), long post-COVID symptoms (from week 12 to week 24), and persistent post-COVID symptoms (lasting more than 24 weeks). The most important topic is to establish the time reference points. The classification also integrates predisposing intrinsic and extrinsic factors and hospitalization data which could promote post-COVID symptoms. The plethora of symptoms affecting multiple systems exhibited by “long-haulers” suggests the presence of different underlying mechanisms.
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Lauer, S. A., Grantz, K. H., Bi, Q., Jones, F. K., Zheng, Q., Meredith, H. R., Azman, A. S., Reich, N. G., & Lessler, J. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m20-0504 · Cited by 5,970
Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19
Carfì, A., Bernabei, R., Landi, F., & for the Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12603 · Cited by 4,561
Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954 · Cited by 3,736
COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence
Vindegaard, N., & Benros, M. E. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048 · Cited by 3,221
Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Narrative Review
Oran, D. P., & Topol, E. J. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m20-3012 · Cited by 2,279
Tenforde, M. W., Kim, S. S., Lindsell, C. J., Billig Rose, E., Shapiro, N. I., Files, D. C., Gibbs, K. W., Erickson, H. L., Steingrub, J. S., Smithline, H. A., et al. (2020) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6930e1 · Cited by 1,319
Garrigues, E., Janvier, P., Kherabi, Y., Le Bot, A., Hamon, A., Gouze, H., Doucet, L., Berkani, S., Oliosi, E., Mallart, E., et al. (2020) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.029 · Cited by 1,157
How and why patients made Long Covid
Callard, F., & Perego, E. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113426 · Cited by 924
Mandal, S., Barnett, J., Brill, S. E., Brown, J. S., Denneny, E. K., Hare, S. S., Heightman, M., Hillman, T. E., Jacob, J., Jarvis, H. C., et al. (2021) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215818 · Cited by 864
Antibody tests for identification of current and past infection with SARS‐CoV‐2
Geppert, J., Scandrett, K., Bigio, J., Sulis, G., Hettiarachchi, D., Mathangasinghe, Y., Weeratunga, P., Wickramasinghe, D., Bergman, H., Buckley, S. B., et al. (2022) · LSTM Online Archive (Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine) · Cited by 842
Cited by
Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome: putative pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments
Yong, S. J. (2021) · Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1080/23744235.2021.1924397 · Cited by 1,339
Fernández-de-las-Peñas, C., Palacios-Ceña, D., Gómez-Mayordomo, V., Florencio, L. L., Cuadrado, M. L., Plaza-Manzano, G., & Navarro-Santana, M. (2021) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2021.06.009 · Cited by 574
Self-citationCarlini, V., Noonan, D. M., Abdalalem, E., Goletti, D., Sansone, C., Calabrone, L., & Albini, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161067 · Cited by 543
Koc, H. C., Xiao, J., Liu, W., Li, Y., & Chen, G. (2022) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.75056 · Cited by 282
Metadata
- Authors
- Fernández-de-las-Peñas, C., Palacios-Ceña, D., Gómez-Mayordomo, V., Cuadrado, M. L., & Florencio, L. L.
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-03-05
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 2621
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3134181578
- Cited by
- 473
- References
- 36
- FWCI
- 40.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Defining Post-COVID Symptoms (Post-Acute COVID, Long COVID, Persistent Post-COVID): An Integrative Classification. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/ijerph18052621
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- Fernández-de-las-Peñas, C., Palacios-Ceña, D., Gómez-Mayordomo, V., Cuadrado, M. L., & Florencio, L. L. (2021). Defining Post-COVID Symptoms (Post-Acute COVID, Long COVID, Persistent Post-COVID): An Integrative Classification. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052621
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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