COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence
Open accessAbstract
Highlights • COVID-19 patients displayed high levels of PTSS and increased levels of depression.• Patients with preexisting psychiatric disorders reported worsening of psychiatric symptoms.• Higher levels of psychiatric symptoms were found among health care workers.• A decrease in psychological well-being was observed in the general public.• However, well conducted large-scale studies are highly needed.
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Claims the paper makes
27 of 57 cited sources checked · 17 supported · 2 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation
No difference in PTSS was observed among health care workers.
“No difference in PTSS was observed (Sun et al., 2020)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Sun et al., 2020 source
The paper reports the opposite of the attributed claim. In “Associated factors for the severity of PTSD,” it states that PCL-5 scores differed significantly by population classification (p < 0.001), with health care workers reporting lower symptom levels than both low-risk and high-risk public groups. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation
Risk of PTSS was positively associated with lower education.
“lower education (Liu et al., 2020)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Liu et al., 2020 source
In Results > Related factors of the occurrence of PTSS (page unavailable), the initial regression shows lower PTSS scores for respondents with high-school education or below than for those with university or college education. That difference is not significant in the final model. Results > The prevalence and demographic characteristics likewise reports a lower mean PTSS score for the lower-education group, not the higher risk claimed. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation
No difference was found between being in quarantine and not being in quarantine.
“one study found no difference between being in quarantine (n = 1443) or not (n = 836) (Zhu et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Zhu et al., 2020 source
- Findingcitation
Poor self-rated health was linked to a higher likelihood of depression and/or anxiety.
“Poor-self rated health (Wang et al., 2020a, Gao et al., 2020, Wang et al., 2020b)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Wang et al., 2020a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Gao et al., 2020 source
- cites Wang et al., 2020b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Frontline work compared with second-line work was linked to a higher likelihood of depression and/or anxiety.
“Working in frontline compared to second line (Lu et al., 2020b, Lai et al., 2020)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Lu et al., 2020b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Lai et al., 2020 source
- Findingcitation
Risk of PTSS was positively associated with living in Hubei province.
“living in Hubei province (Sun et al., 2020, Liu et al., 2020)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites Sun et al., 2020 source
- cites Liu et al., 2020 source
The Results (page not provided) report significantly higher PCL-5 scores among respondents currently or previously in Wuhan than among those outside Wuhan. The Methods identify the study area as Wuhan and surrounding cities in Hubei, but the paper does not establish an association for living anywhere in Hubei province versus living outside the province. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation
Current medical disease, including psychiatric disorders and substance abuse, was linked to a higher likelihood of depression and/or anxiety.
“Current medical disease (including psychiatric disorders and substance abuse) (Zhang et al., 2020b, Wang et al., 2020a, Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020), and a past medical history (including psychiatric history and substance abuse) (Wang et al., 2020a, Mazza et al., 2020, Li et al., 2020c, Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020) were associated with/increased the risk of depression and/or anxiety.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Zhang et al., 2020b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Wang et al., 2020a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020 source
The Results report higher depression scores among participants with current psychiatric illness or chronic disease, and higher anxiety scores among those with current psychiatric illness. The paper does not identify substance abuse as a studied condition, and its adjusted analysis does not establish current medical disease as a risk factor for depression or anxiety; the claim is supported as an association, not across every condition it names. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation
Having relatives, friends, or acquaintances suspected of or having acquired COVID-19 was linked to a higher likelihood of depression and/or anxiety.
“relatives/friends/acquaintance suspected of/acquired COVID-19 (Cao et al., 2020, Mazza et al., 2020, Du et al., 2020, Li et al., 2020c, Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020, Kang et al., 2020a)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites Cao et al., 2020 source
- cites Mazza et al., 2020 source
The Discussion reports that having an acquaintance infected with COVID-19 was associated with increased depression, while having an infected relative was associated with increased anxiety. The survey methods ask about acquaintances and loved ones who were or had been infected; the cited paper does not establish the claimed association for merely suspected cases or separately for friends. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Du et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Two papers found no difference in depression/anxiety among health care workers compared to general public and non-frontline workers.
“while two papers found no difference (compared to the general public (Huang and Zhao, 2020) and non-frontline workers (Liang et al., 2020)).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Huang and Zhao, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Liang et al., 2020 source
- Findingcitation
Past medical history, including psychiatric history and substance abuse, was linked to a higher likelihood of depression and/or anxiety.
“Current medical disease (including psychiatric disorders and substance abuse) (Zhang et al., 2020b, Wang et al., 2020a, Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020), and a past medical history (including psychiatric history and substance abuse) (Wang et al., 2020a, Mazza et al., 2020, Li et al., 2020c, Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020) were associated with/increased the risk of depression and/or anxiety.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Wang et al., 2020a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Mazza et al., 2020 source
The Results (§4.1–4.2; page not provided) associate a history of medical problems with higher depression and anxiety levels. But the Methods (§2.3; page not provided) describe the history question as covering previous physical diseases, such as cardiovascular or oncological conditions; the paper does not establish the claimed association for psychiatric history or substance abuse. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Li et al., 2020c
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
The high PTSS level in COVID-19 patients is far higher than in the general public (7%).
“which is far higher than found in the general public (7%) (Liu et al., 2020)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Liu et al., 2020 source
The Results report that 20 of 285 participants (7%) met the criteria for PTSS, and the Discussion identifies the population as people in China's hardest-hit areas. This supports the 7% public comparator, but not a prevalence estimate for the general public more broadly. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation
Risk of PTSS was not associated with age.
“but not with age (Sun et al., 2020)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Sun et al., 2020 source
- Interpretationcitation
Long-lasting symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 must be expected.
“this could indicate that long lasting symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 also must be expected.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Peng et al., 2010 source
The Methods report a survey four months after Taiwan’s SARS crisis, and the Results document psychological distress and psychiatric morbidity among residents. This supports the possibility of post-crisis psychological symptoms after SARS, but the paper does not study SARS-CoV-2 or establish that long-lasting symptoms after it must be expected. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation
Among patients with eating disorders during the pandemic, 37.5% reported worsening of eating disorder symptomatology.
“One study evaluated symptoms of patients with eating disorders during the pandemic and found 37.5% to report worsening in their eating disorder symptomatology and 56.2% to report additional anxiety symptoms (Fernandez-Aranda et al., 2020)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fernandez-Aranda et al., 2020 source
- Findingcitation
Medical health workers showed more obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms than non-medical staff.
“Higher levels of obsessive–compulsive disorder symptoms were reported in medical health workers compared to non-medical staff (Zhang et al., 2020b).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zhang et al., 2020b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Among patients with preexisting psychiatric disorders, 20.9% reported worsening of their symptoms.
“another study reported that 20.9% of patients with preexisting psychiatric disorders reported worsening of their symptoms, but did not report the preexisting diagnoses (Zhou et al., 2020).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Patients with preexisting psychiatric disorders reported worsening of psychiatric symptoms.”
- Also stated in: § COVID-19 pandemic and impact on psychiatric symptoms among psychiatric patients · hedged
“Worsening of the psychiatric symptoms among some patients with pre-existing psychiatric disorders, was reported (Fernandez-Aranda et al., 2020, Zhou et al., 2020)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zhou et al., 2020 source
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingcitation
Weibo word use as emotional markers of anxiety and depression rose relative to before the outbreak.
“one study revealed increased use of words as emotional indicators of anxiety and depression (on Weibo), when compared to prior to the outbreak (Li et al., 2020b).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Li et al., 2020b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Health care workers had poorer sleep quality than norms.
“Poor sleep quality was found among health care workers compared to norms (Xiao et al., 2020a).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Xiao et al., 2020a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Vicarious traumatization scale scores were less elevated among health care workers compared to the general public (P<0.001).
“Vicarious traumatization scale scores were actually less elevated (P < 0.001) when comparing to the general public (Li et al., 2020a).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Li et al., 2020a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
General public showed reduced WHO-5 well-being relative to pre-COVID-19 levels.
“Regarding the general public one paper revealed lower psychological well-being (WHO-5) compared to before COVID-19 (Sonderskov et al., 2020)”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“A decrease in psychological well-being was observed in the general public.”
- Also stated in: § Psychiatric symptoms/psychological distress among the general public · plain
“one paper revealed lower psychological well-being (WHO-5) compared to before COVID-19”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sonderskov et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingcitation
No difference in anxiety level was found between newly recovered COVID-19 patients and quarantine participants (P=0.154).
“The second study showed that the prevalence of depression (29.2%) was elevated (p = 0.016) among 57 patients newly recovered from COVID-19 compared to participants in quarantine (9.8%), while no difference in anxiety level was found (P = 0.154).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zhang et al., 2020a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Among patients with eating disorders during the pandemic, 56.2% reported additional anxiety symptoms.
“One study evaluated symptoms of patients with eating disorders during the pandemic and found 37.5% to report worsening in their eating disorder symptomatology and 56.2% to report additional anxiety symptoms (Fernandez-Aranda et al., 2020)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fernandez-Aranda et al., 2020 source
- Findingcitation
Higher perceived stress load was linked to a higher likelihood of depression and/or anxiety.
“higher perceived stress load (Mo et al., 2020, Du et al., 2020)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Mo et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Du et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Among hospitalized but stable COVID-19 patients, posttraumatic stress symptoms were present in 96.2% of 714 patients.
“The first study showed that PTSS were present among 96.2% out of 714 hospitalized but stabile patients.”
- Also stated in: § Psychiatric symptoms among COVID-19 patients · boosted
“levels of PTSS were found to be very high (96.2%) among patients during hospital admission with COVID-19 infection (Bo et al., 2020)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bo et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § Psychiatric symptoms among COVID-19 patients · boosted
- Findingcitation
No significant difference in anxiety, depression or stress symptoms was found between a period with increasing confirmed cases and a period with increasing recovered cases (P>0.05).
“However, a study found no significant difference in anxiety, depression or stress symptoms when comparing scores measured in a period with increase in number of confirmed cases to a period with increase in number of recovered cases (P > 0.05); however, only 333 of the 1210 cases were followed up (Wang et al., 2020a).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wang et al., 2020a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingreasoning
Direct mental health effects of COVID-19 remain poorly evidenced.
“Although the current evidence is scarce concerning direct effects of COVID-19 on mental health, there are indications of increased levels of PTSS and depression following the COVID-19 infection.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Literature on psychiatric symptoms among SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and among psychiatric patients was very limited.
“Thirdly, the literature on psychiatric symptoms among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and among psychiatric patients were very limited.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductcitation
Follow-up covered just 333 of the 1210 participants in that study.
“however, only 333 of the 1210 cases were followed up (Wang et al., 2020a).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wang et al., 2020a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
A huge after-wave of depression among COVID-19 survivors must be expected.
“we must expect a huge after-wave of patients surviving COVID-19 suffering from depression.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Health care workers ought to be seen as a highly exposed group facing elevated psychiatric symptom risk during the pandemic.
“Health care workers should be regarded as a highly exposed group with a higher risk of psychiatric symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic, and risk factors are female gender and frontline workers among others.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The geographic concentration of included studies limits generalization of the review's results.
“Firstly, the majority of the studies were conducted in Asia (only four studies from Europe and none from other continents), limiting the current generalization of the results.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 3
- May combine two claims. 11
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingcitationNo significant difference in any items was found between workers/technical staff and management/executive staff (all P>0.05).
“One study found no significant difference in any items between workers/technical staff (n = 551) and management/executive staff (n = 122) (all P > 0.05) (Tan et al., 2020)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Tan et al., 2020 source
The Results section on immediate mental health status reports no significant differences between the groups in PTSD symptoms, depression, anxiety, stress or insomnia (p > 0.05). But “any items” and “all P > 0.05” overstate the finding: the Results also report a difference in worries about young children’s health (p = 0.028), and Table 4 reports differences in some prevention measures (p = 0.040 and 0.048). Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationFemale gender was frequently reported as a risk factor for depression and/or anxiety, but findings were not consistent.
“female gender (Zhang et al., 2020b, Lai et al., 2020, Mazza et al., 2020, Wang et al., 2020b, Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020) was reported frequently, but was not consistent (Chen et al., 2020, Gao et al., 2020)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
FindingcitationAmong health care workers, anxiety was increased compared to norms, administrative staff, during pandemic control, or experienced staff.
“Among health care workers depression/depressive symptoms (six papers) and anxiety (eight papers) were increased”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Chen et al., 2020 source
- cites Mo et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Lu et al., 2020b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationParents of children hospitalized during the epidemic had higher anxiety, depression, and dream anxiety scores than parents in the non-epidemic period (all p<0.001).
“Furthermore a study of parents of children hospitalized during the epidemic period had significant higher scores of anxiety, depression and dream anxiety compared to parents of children hospitalized in the non-epidemic period (all p < 0.001) (Yuan et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Yuan et al., 2020 source
May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
FindingcitationAmong health care workers, depressive symptoms were increased compared to norms, administrative staff, during pandemic control, or experienced staff.
“Among health care workers depression/depressive symptoms (six papers) and anxiety (eight papers) were increased”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Chen et al., 2020 source
- cites Mo et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Lu et al., 2020b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSARS-CoV-2 might act as a neurotrophic agent that enters via the olfactory bulb, raising neuropsychiatric symptoms in survivors.
“Taken together this indicates that SARS-CoV-2 could be neurotrophic entering the brain through the olfactory bulb, leading to an increase in neuropsychiatric symptoms among the patients surviving COVID-19.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Troyer et al., 2020 source
The “Viral infiltration into the central nervous system” section describes possible coronavirus entry via the olfactory nerve and discusses SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion. The “Sub-acute to chronic neuropsychiatric sequelae” section says long-term outcomes in COVID-19 survivors were still unknown. The paper does not specifically identify the olfactory bulb as the entry route or establish that this route would increase neuropsychiatric symptoms in survivors. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Netland et al., 2008 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe higher depression risk in COVID-19 patients could be due to the coronavirus affecting the brain directly or indirectly via a massive cytokine response.
“This higher risk could be due to the corona-virus affecting the brain directly or indirectly by inducing a massive cytokine response affecting the brain (Troyer et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Troyer et al., 2020 source
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationAmong patients newly recovered from COVID-19, prevalence of depression was 29.2%, higher than 9.8% among quarantine participants (p=0.016).
“The second study showed that the prevalence of depression (29.2%) was elevated (p = 0.016) among 57 patients newly recovered from COVID-19 compared to participants in quarantine (9.8%), while no difference in anxiety level was found (P = 0.154).”
- Also stated in: § Psychiatric symptoms among COVID-19 patients · plain
“The risk of depression was also found to be higher among patients with COVID-19 (Zhang et al., 2020a).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zhang et al., 2020a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § Psychiatric symptoms among COVID-19 patients · plain
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataMost included studies were conducted in Asia, with only four from Europe and none from other continents.
“Firstly, the majority of the studies were conducted in Asia (only four studies from Europe and none from other continents), limiting the current generalization of the results.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataMost included studies were not case-control (35/43) and had varied reported outcomes, measurement, and statistical analysis.
“Secondly, most of the studies were not case-control studies no (35/43) and with a variety of reported outcomes, measuring of outcomes and statistical analysis was revealed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenThe review was systematically conducted.
“The strength of this review is that it was systematically conducted.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningEvidence suggests rising depressive and anxiety symptoms and worse general mental health, especially in health care workers.
“Regarding the indirect effects of COVID-19 on general mental health there seems to be evidence of an increase in depressive and anxiety symptoms along with negative impact on general mental health, particularly among health care workers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningDue to altered living conditions, many identified risk factors will increase, likely leading to an increase in patients.
“Due to the altered living conditions many of the identified risk factors will increase most likely leading to an increase in patients.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A systematic review of 19 of 43 public studies found early pandemic changes in psychological well-being, anxiety, and depression.
“A systematic review of 19 of 43 studies in the public demonstrated mental health changes in psychological well-being, anxiety and depression early in the pandemic [23].”
From Overview of sleep management during COVID-19. (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
The Results section says that 19 of the 43 included studies concerned the general public, and reports lower psychological well-being and some indicators of increased anxiety and depression. But the Results and Discussion also report a longitudinal study finding no change in anxiety or depression, so the claim overstates the consistency of those changes across the public studies. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHealth care workers had the highest rates of disturbed sleep in 20 of 41 studies.
“Health care workers reported the highest rates of disturbed sleep in 20 of the 41 studies [23].”
From Overview of sleep management during COVID-19. (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
The Results section on health care workers reports poor sleep quality compared with norms, supporting the sleep-related part of the claim. But the Results overview says that 20 of 41 studies of the pandemic’s indirect effects examined health care workers; it does not say that those 20 studies found the highest rates of disturbed sleep. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA considerable proportion of nurses experienced high levels of depression, anxiety, psychological distress, post-traumatic symptoms, burnout, and insomnia during COVID-19.
“Studies reported that a considerable proportion of nurses were experiencing high levels of depression, anxiety, psychological distress, post-traumatic symptoms, burnout, and insomnia (4–6).”
From Translation, adaptation, and initial evaluation of a guided self-help intervention to reduce psychological distress among nurses during COVID-19 in China (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports increased depression, anxiety, psychological distress and poor sleep quality among health care workers, supporting part of the claim. It does not establish that a considerable proportion of nurses had all the listed symptoms or report burnout; the Results section on health care workers (page unavailable) says one study found no difference in post-traumatic stress symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with significantly higher levels of distress in the general population and people with persistent pain.
“The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with significantly higher levels of distress in the general population and people with persistent pain (Salari et al., 2020;Vindegaard & Benros, 2020;Yu al., 2021).”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for women living with Vulvodynia: A single-case experimental design study of a treatment delivered online (2022) · cites this paper as Vindegaard & Benros, 2020
The Results section on the general public reports lower psychological well-being compared with before COVID-19, supporting a pandemic-related mental-health impact. It does not establish significantly higher distress across the general population—the Discussion also notes a longitudinal study finding no difference in stress symptoms—and the paper does not address people with persistent pain. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPre-existing medical conditions, chronic illness and/or self-evaluated poor health are considerable risk factors for loneliness, anxiety, depression and psychological distress.
“Further to this, pre-existing medical conditions, chronic illness and/or self-evaluated poor health, are considerable risk factors for loneliness, anxiety, depression and psychological distress [7,8,9].”
From The impact of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak on the psychological flexibility and behaviour of cancelling medical appointments of italian patients with pre-existing medical condition: The “impact-COVID-19 for patients” multi-centre observational study (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
The Results section, “Risk factors of anxiety and depression” (page not available), associates current or past medical history and poor self-rated health with depression and/or anxiety. The cited passages do not establish these conditions as risk factors for loneliness or specifically for psychological distress, and they do not distinguish chronic illness from other medical disease. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
People who had previously been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus had significantly higher levels of depression symptoms compared to those who had never been infected.
“A systematic review conducted early during the COVID-19 pandemic found that people who had previously been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus had significantly higher levels of depression symptoms compared to those who had never been infected (Vindegaard and Benros 2020).”
From Illness Stigma and Shame in People With Chronic Illnesses vs. SARS‐CoV‐2 Survivors: Associations With Psychological Distress Through Psychological Flexibility and Self‐Compassion. (2024) · cites this paper as Vindegaard and Benros 2020
The Results (‘Patients with COVID-19’) report significantly higher depression prevalence among 57 people newly recovered from COVID-19 than among participants in quarantine (29.2% versus 9.8%; p = 0.016). This supports the direction and significance of the comparison, but the paper does not identify the comparison group as people who had never been infected, and it reports prevalence rather than symptom levels. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact the mental health of individuals and communities worldwide.
“The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact the mental health of individuals and communities worldwide [1].”
From Synchronous Web-Based Psychotherapy for Mental Disorders From a Health Quality Perspective: Scoping Review (2023) · cites this paper as [1]
Studies on the general public revealed lower psychological well-being and higher scores of anxiety and depression compared to before COVID-19.
“studies on the general public revealed lower psychological well-being and higher scores of anxiety and depression compared to before COVID-19 [10].”
From Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicidal attempts and death rates: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
The evidence on the mental health harms caused by the response to COVID-19 is overwhelming.
“The evidence on the mental health harms caused by the response to COVID-19 found to be overwhelming”
From Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicidal attempts and death rates: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
Having current or past mental health treatment was associated with negative mental health consequences of the public containment measures.
“Consistent with previous studies from countries around the world (see Luo et al., 2020; Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020 for a review), we found that belonging to a risk group for a severe course of COVID-19, a current or past treatment due to mental health problems, being unemployed or non-working, a lower educational level and younger age were associated with negative mental health”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020
Belonging to a risk group for severe COVID-19 was associated with negative mental health consequences of the public containment measures.
“Consistent with previous studies from countries around the world (see Luo et al., 2020; Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020 for a review), we found that belonging to a risk group for a severe course of COVID-19, a current or past treatment due to mental health problems, being unemployed or non-working, a lower educational level and younger age were associated with negative mental health”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020
Being unemployed or non-working was associated with negative mental health consequences of the public containment measures.
“Consistent with previous studies from countries around the world (see Luo et al., 2020; Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020 for a review), we found that belonging to a risk group for a severe course of COVID-19, a current or past treatment due to mental health problems, being unemployed or non-working, a lower educational level and younger age were associated with negative mental health”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020
Being younger was associated with negative mental health consequences of the public containment measures.
“Consistent with previous studies from countries around the world (see Luo et al., 2020; Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020 for a review), we found that belonging to a risk group for a severe course of COVID-19, a current or past treatment due to mental health problems, being unemployed or non-working, a lower educational level and younger age were associated with negative mental health”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020
Having a lower educational level was associated with negative mental health consequences of the public containment measures.
“Consistent with previous studies from countries around the world (see Luo et al., 2020; Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020 for a review), we found that belonging to a risk group for a severe course of COVID-19, a current or past treatment due to mental health problems, being unemployed or non-working, a lower educational level and younger age were associated with negative mental health”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020
In this sample, females and patients with a positive previous psychiatric diagnosis had greater severity across all psychopathological dimensions.
“With regard to the risk factor related to psychopathology, consistently with previous epidemiological studies, we have found that females, and patients with positive previous psychiatric diagnoses, suffered more in all psychopathological dimensions (Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020, Ozamiz-Etxebarria et al., 2020, Pappa et al., 2020).”
From Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: role of inflammatory and clinical predictors (2020) · cites this paper as Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020
Psychological, social, and job-related factors have been linked to poor mental health outcomes.
“In addition, psychological, social, and job-related factors have also been shown to be associated with poor mental health outcomes (Vindegaard and Benros, 2020).”
From Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as Vindegaard and Benros, 2020
Various studies reported a deterioration of people's mental health.
“Various studies instead reported a deterioration of people’s mental health [5,6,98,99].”
From Positive Impact of Mindfulness Meditation on Mental Health of Female Teachers during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy (2020) · cites this paper as [99]
A small COVID-19 patients' study concluded that preexisting psychiatric disease patients reported mental symptom worsening following infection with the virus.
“In line, a small COVID-19 patients’ study concluded that preexisting psychiatric disease patients reported mental symptom worsening following infection with the virus [162].”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [162]
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Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
Cites a retracted work: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102052
InfoThe cited work was retracted on 2020-11-03 (notice 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102482), not before this paper was published (2020-10).
Cited work 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102052 · retracted 2020-11-03 · notice 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102482 · this paper published 2020-10
“…lower levels of lymphocytes have been reported among severe cases compared to nonsevere (Mao et al., 2020), and patients with SARS-CoV-2 have been reported to have high amounts of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IFNgamma, IP10 and MCP-1) suggesting a Th1 response (Huang, 2020).”
Cites a retracted work: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102482
InfoThe cited work was retracted; the date of the notice is not on record.
Cited work 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102482 · retraction date not known · this paper published 2020-10
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Self-harm and COVID-19 Pandemic: An emerging concern – A report of 2 cases from India
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“…lower levels of lymphocytes have been reported among severe cases compared to nonsevere (Mao et al., 2020), and patients with SARS-CoV-2 have been reported to have high amounts of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IFNgamma, IP10 and MCP-1) suggesting a Th1 response (Huang, 2020).”
BackgroundKöhler‐Forsberg, O., Petersen, L. V., Mors, O. N., Mortensen, P. B., Yolken, R. H., Gasse, C., & Benros, M. E. (2016) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12671 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological status of parents of hospitalized children during the COVID-19 epidemic in China
Yuan, R., Xu, Q.-H., Xia, C.-C., Lou, C.-Y., Xie, Z., Ge, Q.-M., & Shao, Y. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112953 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Staff Mental Health Self-Assessment During the COVID-19 Outbreak
Chung, J. P.-Y., & Yeung, W. S. (2020) · East Asian Archives of Psychiatry · doi:10.12809/eaap2014 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Geographic Information Systems and COVID-19: The Johns Hopkins University DashboardPreprint
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COVID-19 paranoia in a patient suffering from schizophrenic psychosis – a case report
Fischer, M., Coogan, A. N., Faltraco, F., & Thome, J. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113001 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
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“…al., 2020), but also higher (Du et al., 2020), student status (Wang et al., 2020b), not having a child (Mazza et al., 2020), or having ≥ 2 children (Li et al., 2020c), living in urban areas (Gao et al., 2020; Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020), but also in rural areas (Zhang et al., 2020b; Cao et…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLi, J., Yang, A., Dou, K., & Cheung, R. Y. M. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2xadq · Cited by 69 · cited 9× · see citing works
“…al., 2020), but also higher (Du et al., 2020), student status (Wang et al., 2020b), not having a child (Mazza et al., 2020), or having ≥ 2 children (Li et al., 2020c), living in urban areas (Gao et al., 2020; Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020), but also in rural areas (Zhang et al., 2020b; Cao et…”
InfluentialLechner, M., Chandrasekharan, D. P., Jumani, K., Liu, J., Gane, S. B., Lund, V. J., Philpott, C. M., & Jayaraj, S. M. (2020) · Rhinology Journal · doi:10.4193/rhin20.189 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Das schwere akute Atemwegssyndrom
Tuschy, P., Welte, T., Marre, R., Suttorp, N., Lorenz, J., Fätkenheuer, G., & Ewig, S. (2003) · Pneumologie · doi:10.1055/s-2003-39367 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Sleep problems and medical isolation during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak
Xue, Z., Lin, L., Zhang, S., et al. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.04.014 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome: What Is It?
Sparks, S. W. (2018) · Journal of Trauma Nursing · doi:10.1097/jtn.0000000000000343 · Cited by 26 · cited 9× · see citing works
“Psychiatric symptoms among COVID-19 patients It is well known that surviving critical illness can induce PTSS (Sparks, 2018) and in line with this, levels of PTSS were found to be very high (96.”
BackgroundInfluential[Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19].
Haldrup, M., Johansen, M. I., & Fjældstad, A. W. (2020) · PubMed · Cited by 21 · see citing works
[Possible unregistered SARS-CoV-2 infection in a young man with anosmia and ageusia].
Stripp, T. A., & Søndergaard, J. (2020) · PubMed · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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- Haldrup, 2020, Lugte- og smagstab som primære symptom på COVID-19, Ugeskr. Laeger, 04200205
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Taquet, M., Geddes, J. R., Husain, M., Luciano, S., & Harrison, P. J. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00084-5 · Cited by 2,189 · see citing works
“11 Similar concerns have been raised regarding psychiatric sequelae of COVID-19, 12,13 with evidence showing that survivors are indeed at increased risk of mood and anxiety disorders in the 3 months after infection.”
Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: role of inflammatory and clinical predictors
Mazza, M. G., De Lorenzo, R., Conte, C., Poletti, S., Vai, B., Bollettini, I., Melloni, E. M. T., Furlan, R., Ciceri, F., Rovere-Querini, P., et al. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.037 · Cited by 1,804 · see citing works
Browning, M. H. E. M., Larson, L. R., Sharaievska, I., Rigolon, A., McAnirlin, O., Mullenbach, L., Cloutier, S., Vu, T. M., Thomsen, J., Reigner, N., et al. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245327 · Cited by 888 · see citing works
Muller, A. E., Hafstad, E. V., Himmels, J. P. W., Smedslund, G., Flottorp, S., Stensland, S. Ø., Stroobants, S., Van de Velde, S., & Vist, G. E. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113441 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
Prati, G., & Mancini, A. D. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721000015 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
“Finally, Vindegaard and Benros suggest that ‘currently data is scarce, but indicates that mental health is affected in the general public’ (Vindegaard & Benros, 2020, p. 10).”
Quantifying the global burden of mental disorders and their economic value
Arias, D., Saxena, S., & Verguet, S. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101675 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Hawes, M. T., Szenczy, A. K., Klein, D. N., Hajcak, G., & Nelson, B. D. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720005358 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
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“439])27; (3) the COVID19-government response stringency index during the survey (less- [less than 75%], moderate- [75–85%], and very stringent [more than 85%]) according to the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker reports28; (4) the preparedness of countries in terms of hospital beds per 10,000 people, 2010–201…”
MethodInfluentialFemale gender is associated with long COVID syndrome: a prospective cohort study
Bai, F., Tomasoni, D., Falcinella, C., Barbanotti, D., Castoldi, R., Mulè, G., Augello, M., Mondatore, D., Allegrini, M., Cona, A., et al. (2022) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.11.002 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Panda, P. K., Gupta, J., Chowdhury, S. R., Kumar, R., Meena, A. K., Madaan, P., Sharawat, I. K., & Gulati, S. (2021) · Journal of Tropical Pediatrics · doi:10.1093/tropej/fmaa122 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
“However, many issues like the perception of students and the perception of parents were not addressed in that review [27].”
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Li, W., Zhao, Z., Chen, D., Peng, Y., & Lu, Z. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13606 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Emotional, Behavioral, and Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Pedrosa, A. L., Bitencourt, L., Fróes, A. C. F., Cazumbá, M. L. B., Campos, R. G. B., de Brito, S. B. C. S., & Silva, A. C. S. E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566212 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Ma, L., Mazidi, M., Ke, L., Li, Y., Chen, S., Kirwan, R., Zhou, H., Yan, N., Rahman, A., Wang, W.-D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.021 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Palacios‐Ceña, D., Gómez‐Mayordomo, V., Cuadrado, M. L., & Florêncio, L. L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052621 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Revisiting COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy around the world using data from 23 countries in 2021
Lazarus, J. V., Wyka, K., White, T. M., Picchio, C. A., Rabin, K. H., Ratzan, S. C., Leigh, J. P., Hu, J., & El-Mohandes, A. A. E. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31441-x · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Risk of clinical sequelae after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection: retrospective cohort study
Daugherty, S. E., Guo, Y., Heath, K., Dasmariñas, M. C., Jubilo, K. G., Samranvedhya, J., Lipsitch, M., & Cohen, K. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n1098 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Robb, C. E., de Jager, C. A., Ahmadi‐Abhari, S., Giannakopoulou, P., Udeh‐Momoh, C. T., McKeand, J., Price, G. J., Car, J., Majeed, A., Ward, H., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.591120 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 – A systematic review
Schou, T. M., Joca, S. R. L., Wegener, G., & Bay-Richter, C. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.018 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
“Also, a systematic review focussing primarily on the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health has been performed (Vindegaard and Benros, 2020).”
Alimoradi, Z., Broström, A., Tsang, H. W. H., Griffiths, M. D., Haghayegh, S., Ohayon, M. M., Lin, C., & Pakpour, A. H. (2021) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100916 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
“Another systematic review found the associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric symptoms among patients with mental illness, healthcare workers, and non-healthcare workers [40].”
BackgroundLong-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: a systematic review
Bourmistrova, N. W., Solomon, T., Braude, P., Strawbridge, R., & Carter, B. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.031 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
“In addition, psychological, social, and job-related factors have also been shown to be associated with poor mental health outcomes (Vindegaard and Benros, 2020).”
BackgroundFiorillo, A., Sampogna, G., Giallonardo, V., Vecchio, V. D., Luciano, M., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G., Cirulli, F., Dell’Osso, B. M., et al. (2020) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.89 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Job loss and mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown: Evidence from South Africa
Posel, D. R., Oyenubi, A., & Kollamparambil, U. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249352 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Menges, D., Ballouz, T., Anagnostopoulos, A., Aschmann, H. E., Domenghino, A., Fehr, J. S., & Puhan, M. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254523 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
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Positive psychology in a pandemic: buffering, bolstering, and building mental health
Waters, L., Algoe, S. B., Dutton, J., Emmons, R., Fredrickson, B. L., Heaphy, E., Moskowitz, J. T., Neff, K., Niemiec, R., Pury, C., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2021.1871945 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
“…(Warren et al., 2020) and those who have existing mental illness (Asmundson et al., 2020), has shown dramatical elevations in levels of mental illness and PTSD (Buheji et al., 2020; Eisma et al., 2021; Groenewold et al., 2020; Shreffler et al., 2020; Skoda et al., 2020; Vindegaard & Benros, 2020).”
BackgroundLong-term consequences of COVID-19: research needs
Yelin, D., Wirtheim, E., Vetter, P., Kalil, A. C., Bruchfeld, J., Runold, M., Guaraldi, G., Mussini, C., Gudiol, C., Pujol, M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30701-5 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Esterwood, E., & Saeed, S. A. (2020) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09808-4 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
“Additionally, the neuropsychiatric impact of Covid-19 is still largely unexplored and research that evaluates the direct neuropsychiatric consequences will also be needed to improve treatment, mental health care planning and for preventive measures during potential subsequent pandemics [30].”
BackgroundAchterberg, M., Dobbelaar, S., Boer, O. D., & Crone, E. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81720-8 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Holman, E. A., Thompson, R. R., Garfin, D. R., & Silver, R. C. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd5390 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Dragioti, E., Li, H. J., Tsitsas, G. D., Lee, K. H., Choi, J., Kim, J., Choi, Y. J., Tsamakis, K., Estradé, A., Agorastos, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27549 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
“Previous evidence synthesis efforts were restricted to specific populations(20,21,22,25,28,29) or included mainly studies from Asia (almost 91%), with very few studies from other countries/continents.(9,10) Three previous meta‐analyses have pooled data on the prevalence of mental health outcomes in the general populat…”
BackgroundPuccinelli, P. J., da Costa, T. S., Seffrin, A., de Lira, C. A. B., Vancini, R. L., Nikolaidis, P. Τ., Knechtle, B., Rosemann, T. J., Hill, L., & Andrade, M. S. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10470-z · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Nikolaidis, A., Paksarian, D., Alexander, L. M., DeRosa, J., Dunn, J. A., Nielson, D. M., Droney, I., Kang, M., Douka, I., Bromet, E. J., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87270-3 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Stress and coping during COVID-19 pandemic: Result of an online survey
Kar, N., Kar, B., & Kar, S. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113598 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
“Similar observations have been reported in a few studies (Vindegaard and Benros, 2020) although the prevalence figures have varied widely.”
Home garden use during COVID-19: Associations with physical and mental wellbeing in older adults
Corley, J., Okely, J. A., Taylor, A. M., Page, D., Welstead, M., Skarabela, B., Redmond, P. H., Cox, S. R., & Russ, T. C. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101545 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Kunzler, A. M., Röthke, N., Günthner, L., Stoffers-Winterling, J., Tüscher, O., Coenen, M., Rehfuess, E., Schwarzer, G., Binder, H., Schmucker, C., et al. (2021) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-021-00670-y · Cited by 262 · see citing works
“Various systematic reviews have synthesized the evidence on psychiatric symptoms associated with previous highly contagious infectious disease outbreaks (eg, Ebola, SARS-CoV) and the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic [20, 24, 29– 35], some of them also narratively summarizing risk and protective factors for mental health [20, 30, 3…”
BackgroundInfluentialLuijten, M. A. J., van Muilekom, M. M., Teela, L., Polderman, T. J. C., Terwee, C. B., Zijlmans, J., Klaufus, L. H., Popma, A., Oostrom, K. J., van Oers, H. A., et al. (2021) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-021-02861-x · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Mamun, M. A., Sakib, N., Gozal, D., Bhuiyan, A. K. M. I., Hossain, S., Bodrud-Doza, M., Al‐Mamun, F., Hosen, I., Safiq, M. B., Abdullah, A. H., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.036 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Symptoms in Health Care Workers during the COVID-19 Epidemic. A Cross-Sectional Survey
Magnavita, N., Tripepi, G. L., & Prinzio, R. R. D. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17145218 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
“Existing studies refer either to the disease induced by Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) in HCWs [13] or to psychological effects of previous viral epidemics [14] or current one [15,16], but there are no field studies describing the psychophysical state of HCWs during the acute phase of the…”
BackgroundOnline-Learning due to COVID-19 Improved Mental Health Among Medical Students
Bolatov, A. K., Seisembekov, T. Z., Askarova, A. Z., Baikanova, R. K., Smailova, D. S., & Fabbro, E. (2021) · Medical Science Educator · doi:10.1007/s40670-020-01165-y · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“information and knowledge about the pandemic, has created and exacerbated feelings of insecurity, depression, and anxiety [5].”
BackgroundImpact of COVID-19 on physical activity: A rapid review
Park, A. H., Zhong, S., Yang, H., Jeong, J., & Lee, C. (2022) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.12.05003 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Manca, R., De Marco, M., & Venneri, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.585540 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Qualitative study of the psychological experience of COVID-19 patients during hospitalization
Sun, N., Wei, L., Wang, H., Wang, X., Gao, M., Hu, X., & Shi, S. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.040 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Liu, Y.-H., Chen, Y., Wang, Q.-H., Wang, L.-R., Jiang, L., Yang, Y., Chen, X., Li, Y., Cen, Y., Xu, C., et al. (2022) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0461 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Long‐COVID syndrome‐associated brain fog and chemofog: Luteolin to the rescue
Theoharides, T. C., Cholevas, C., Polyzoidis, K. S., & Politis, A. M. (2021) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1726 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Pakenham, K. I., Landi, G., Boccolini, G., Furlani, A., Grandi, S., & Tossani, E. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.07.003 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
McNicholas, F., Kelleher, I., Hedderman, E., Lynch, F., Healy, E., Thornton, T., Barry, E., Kelly, L. S., McDonald, J., Holmes, K., et al. (2021) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.48 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults living with HIV
Ambrosioni, J., Blanco, J. L., Reyes‐Urueña, J., Davies, M., Sued, O. G., Marcos, M. Á., Martínez, E., Bertagnolio, S., Alcamı́, J., Miró, J. M., et al. (2021) · The Lancet HIV · doi:10.1016/s2352-3018(21)00070-9 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Matiz, A., Fabbro, F., Paschetto, A., Cantone, D., Paolone, A. R., & Crescentini, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186450 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Alonso-Lana, S., Marquié, M., Ruiz, A., & Boada, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.588872 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Xiang, M.-Q., Tan, X.-M., Sun, J., Yang, H.-Y., Zhao, X.-P., Liu, L., Hou, X., & Hu, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.582436 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Chutiyami, M., Cheong, A. M. Y., Salihu, D., Bello, U. M., Ndwiga, D. W., Maharaj, R., Naidoo, K., Kolo, M. A., Jacob, P., Chhina, N., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.804525 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“38 Vindegaard and Benros (63) 1 1 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 1 3”
InfluentialThe Disproportionate Burden of the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Pregnant Black Women
Gur, R. E., White, L. K., Waller, R. E., Barzilay, R., Moore, T. M., Kornfield, S. L., Njoroge, W., Duncan, A. F., Chaiyachati, B. H., Parish‐Morris, J., et al. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113475 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Alonso, J., Vilagut, G., Mortier, P., Ferrer, M., Alayo, I., Peña, A. A., Aragonès, E., Campos, M., del Cura-González, I., Emparanza, J. I., et al. (2020) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.12.001 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
COVID‑19 and its consequences on mental health (Review)
Tsamakis, K., Tsiptsios, D., Ouranidis, A., Mueller, C., Schizas, D., Terniotis, C., Nikolakakis, N., Tyros, G., Kympouropoulos, S. P., Lazaris, A. C., et al. (2021) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2021.9675 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
de Erausquin, G. A., Snyder, H. M., Carrillo, M. C., Hosseini, A. A., Brugha, T. S., & Seshadri, S. S. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12255 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Mohler‐Kuo, M., Dzemaili, S., Foster, S., Werlen, L., & Walitza, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094668 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“However, whereas substantial research on the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on the mental health of adults has accumulated [5,8,9], less is known about its impact on children and adolescents [8,10].”
BackgroundBabicka-Wirkus, A., Wirkus, Ł., Stasiak, K., & Kozłowski, P. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255041 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
“The COVID-19 disease affects everyone, including students [14, 15], since even those who have not been infected are subject to various restrictions which many countries have implemented to limit the spread of the disease.”
BackgroundImpact of COVID-19 on Public Mental Health and the Buffering Effect of a Sense of Coherence
Schäfer, S. K., Sopp, M. R., Schanz, C. G., Staginnus, M., Göritz, A. S., & Michael, T. (2020) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000510752 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
The Well-being of children in lock-down: Physical, emotional, social and academic impact
Berasategi, N., Mondragón, N. I., Santamaría, M. D., & Munitis, A. E. (2021) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106085 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Sallam, M., Dababseh, D., Yaseen, A., Al-Haidar, A., Taim, D., Eid, H., Ababneh, N. A., Bakri, F., & Mahafzah, A. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243264 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“Such results are in line with recent research pointing to similar associations [7,34,56-58].”
ResultMagnavita, N., Chirico, F., Garbarino, S., Bragazzi, N. L., Santacroce, E., & Zaffina, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18084361 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Worsening of Preexisting Psychiatric Conditions During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Płomecka, M. B., Gobbi, S., Neckels, R., Radziński, P., Skórko, B., Lazzeri, S., Almazidou, K., Dedić, A., Bakalović, A., Hrustić, L., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.581426 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Liu, Z., Qiao, D., Xu, Y., Zhao, W., Yang, Y., Wen, D., Li, X., Nie, X., Dong, Y., Tang, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/26883 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“Moreover, evidence from epidemiological studies revealed the relationship between gender, age, education level, and severity of mental problems [24].”
Bartoszek, A., Walkowiak, D., Bartoszek, A., & Kardas, G. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17207417 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“Moreover, many of these studies are focused on the mental health of healthcare workers [15], who are on the frontline of the pandemic, yet fewer studies are focused on those not involved in healthcare [16].”
BackgroundCOVID-19 vaccination for people with severe mental illness: why, what, and how?
Mazereel, V., Assche, K. V., Detraux, J., & Binder, M. D. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30564-2 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Linardon, J., Messer, M., Rodgers, R. F., & Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M. (2021) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23640 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“…measures have profoundly impacted employment, schooling, and the global economy (McKee & Stuckler, 2020), and have also adversely impacted the mental health of many individuals (Murphy, Markey, O'Donnell, Moloney, & Doody, 2021; Panchal et al., 2021; Vindegaard & Benros, 2020; Xiong et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultPsychological distress in North America during COVID-19: The role of pandemic-related stressors
Zheng, J., Morstead, T., Sin, N. L., Klaiber, P., Umberson, D., Kamble, S. V., & DeLongis, A. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113687 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Lopez, B. E., Kennedy, C. L., Field, C., & McPhearson, T. (2021) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127354 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
“Indeed, health professionals have warned that the pandemic and associated stress and isolation are creating a mental as well as a physical health crisis (Twenge and Joiner, 2020; Vindegaard and Benros, 2020).”
Cohort Profile: COVIDMENT: COVID-19 cohorts on mental health across six nations
Unnarsdóttir, A. B., Lovik, A., Fawns‐Ritchie, C., Ask, H., Kõiv, K., Hagen, K., Didriksen, M., Christoffersen, L. A. N., Garðarsson, A. B., McIntosh, A. M., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyab234 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“Although a substantial number of studies on the mental health effects of COVID-19 has been published, the existing literature is largely limited by relatively small studies of convenience samples without pre-pandemic data, longitudinal data or cross-national comparisons.(3,4) Some,(5,6) but not all(7,8) studies have r…”
BackgroundKan, F. P., Raoofi, S., Rafiei, S., Khani, S., Hosseinifard, H., Tajik, F., Raoofi, N., Ahmadi, S., Aghalou, S., Torabi, F., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.073 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Do we experience pandemic fatigue? current state, predictors, and prevention
Haktanir, A., Can, N., Seki, T., Kurnaz, M., & Dilmac, B. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02397-w · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“…and obsessive-compulsive tendencies (Emir Öksüz et al., 2021; Tanhan, 2020), that they feel emotionally drained and unable to function efficiently (Vindegaard & Benros, 2020), and that * Abdulkadir Haktanir kadirhaktanir@gmail.com 1 Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Necmettin Erbakan…”
BackgroundMetaverse in Healthcare: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions
Musamih, A., Yaqoob, I., Salah, K., Jayaraman, R., Al-Hammadi, Y., Omar, M., & Ellahham, S. H. (2022) · IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine · doi:10.1109/mce.2022.3223522 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Joensen, A., Danielsen, S., Andersen, P. K., Groot, J., & Strandberg‐Larsen, K. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.03.001 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“…Varga et al., 2021; et al., 2021), but for individuals with a pre-existing mental disorder, the findings are mixed (B ¨ auerle et al., 2020; Daly et al., 2020; Kwong et al., 2020, 2021; Pan et al., 2020; Pinkham et al., 2020; Thygesen et al., 2021; Varga et al., 2021; Vindegaard and Benros, 2020).”
Occupational Stress and Mental Health among Anesthetists during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Magnavita, N., Soave, P. M., Ricciardi, W., & Antonelli, M. M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17218245 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Could SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Be Responsible for Long-COVID Syndrome?
Theoharides, T. C. (2022) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-021-02696-0 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
van der Velden, P. G., Hyland, P., Contino, C., von Gaudecker, H., Muffels, R. J. A., & Das, M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245057 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“Several studies suggest that this pandemic increases the risk of mental health problems among the general population [6, 7].”
BackgroundFilgueira, T. O., Castoldi, Â., Santos, L. E. R., de Amorim, G. J., Fernandes, M. S. D. S., Anastácio, W. D. L. D. N., Campos, E. Z., Santos, T. M., & Souto, F. O. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.587146 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Pandemics and pre-existing mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Neelam, K., Duddu, V., Anyim, N., Neelam, J., & Lewis, S. W. (2020) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100177 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“Research suggests that the mental health impact is felt both during the pandemic and after it declines, and is commonly manifested as symptoms of stress, anxiety, fear, apprehension, excessive worry and depression (Rajkumar 2020; Vindegaard and Benros, 2020; Luo et al., 2020; Pappa et al., 2020).”
Suicide before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Yan, Y., Hou, J., Li, Q., & Yu, N. X. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043346 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology
Ribeiro, D. E., Oliveira-Giacomelli, Á., Glaser, T., Arnaud-Sampaio, V. F., Andrejew, R., Dieckmann, L., Baranova, J., Lameu, C., Ratajczak, M. Z., & Ulrich, H. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-00965-3 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Fukase, Y., Ichikura, K., Murase, H., & Tagaya, H. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03047-y · Cited by 146 · see citing works
COVID-19: Pulmonary and Extra Pulmonary Manifestations
Elrobaa, I. H., & New, K. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.711616 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 lockdown: A two-wave network analysis
Di Blasi, M., Gullo, S., Mancinelli, E., Freda, M. F., Esposito, G., Gelo, O. C. G., Lagetto, G., Giordano, C., Mazzeschi, C., Pazzagli, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.016 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Ahrens, K. F., Neumann, R. J., Kollmann, B., Brokelmann, J., von Werthern, N. M., Malyshau, A., Weichert, D., Lutz, B., Fiebach, C. J., Wessa, M., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01508-2 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“Besides these cross-sectional findings, a recent review by Vindegaard and Benros [6] addressed longitudinal changes in the prevalence of mental health problems.”
BackgroundResultImpact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicidal attempts and death rates: a systematic review
Pathirathna, M. L., Nandasena, H. M. R. K., Atapattu, A. M. M. P., & Weerasekara, I. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04158-w · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“The evidence on the mental health harms caused by the response to COVID-19 found to be overwhelming, and studies on the general public revealed lower psychological well-being and higher scores of anxiety and depression compared to before COVID-19 [10].”
ResultGreenwood, H., Krzyzaniak, N., Peiris, R., Clark, J., Scott, A. M., Cardona, M., Griffith, R., & Glasziou, P. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/31780 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Sriharan, A., Ratnapalan, S., Tricco, A. C., Lupea, D., Ayala, A. P., Pang, H. Y. M., & Lee, D. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2020.596690 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
The Impact of Long COVID-19 on Mental Health: Observational 6-Month Follow-Up Study
Houben‐Wilke, S., Goërtz, Y. M. J., Delbressine, J. M., Vaes, A. W., Meys, R., Machado, F. V. C., Herck, M. V., Burtin, C., Posthuma, R., Franssen, F. M. E., et al. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/33704 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“Furthermore, lacking knowledge of the pandemic and less family support were associated with increased risk of depression or anxiety [37].”
BackgroundQuality of life of COVID 19 patients after discharge: Systematic review
Nandasena, H. M. R. K. G., Pathirathna, M. L., Atapattu, A. M. M. P., & Prasanga, P. T. S. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263941 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Bemanian, M., Mæland, S., Blomhoff, R., Rabben, Å. K., Arnesen, E., Skogen, J. C., & Fadnes, L. T. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18010130 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“symptoms among psychiatric patients and healthcare workers and lower psychological well-being in the general population amid the COVID-19 outbreak [3].”
BackgroundDepression and Anxiety During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Mechanism, and Treatment
Zhu, C., Zhang, T., Li, Q., Chen, X., & Wang, K. (2022) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-022-00970-2 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“The COVID-19 pandemic has placed tremendous mental health stress on people [83].”
BackgroundCelenay, S. T., Karaaslan, Y., Mete, O., & Kaya, D. Ö. (2020) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2020.1815759 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Using Peer Support to Strengthen Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review
Suresh, R., Alam, A., & Karkossa, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.714181 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Chen, S., Jones, P. B., Underwood, B. R., Moore, A., Bullmore, E. T., Banerjee, S., Osimo, E. F., Deakin, J. B., Hatfield, C. F., Thompson, F. J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.09.020 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
The disparate impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of female and male caregivers
Wade, M., Prime, H., Johnson, D., May, S. S., Jenkins, J. M., & Browne, D. T. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113801 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“During COVID-19, reports of heightened adult mental health problems in the general public have been reported cross-nationally (Rajkumar, 2020; Serafini et al., 2020; Shi et al., 2020; Vindegaard and Benros, 2020; Xiong et al., 2020).”
BackgroundNeuropsychiatric aspects of long COVID : A comprehensive review
Kubota, T., Kuroda, N., & Sone, D. (2022) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13508 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“A previous study showed that patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures had worsened seizures due to increased stress related to the pandemic, even among those who were not directly infected.99 An SR has shown that the indirect impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general population’s mental health is substant…”
BackgroundInfluentialWork Stress Hampering Employee Performance During COVID-19: Is Safety Culture Needed?
Saleem, F., Malik, M. I., & Qureshi, S. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655839 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Impact of the COVID ‐19 pandemic – a mental health service perspective
Byrne, A., Barber, R., & Lim, C. H. (2021) · Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/pnp.708 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Mental health in the post‐COVID‐19 era: challenges and the way forward
Vadivel, R., Shoib, S., Halabi, S. E., Hayek, S. E., Essam, L., Bytyçi, D. G., Karaliūnienė, R., Teixeira, A. L. S., Nagendrappa, S., Ramalho, R., et al. (2021) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100424 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
- Authors
- Vindegaard, N., & Benros, M. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Benros, Michael Eriksen
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 89
- Pages
- 531-542
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7260522
- OpenAlex
- W3030352285
- Semantic Scholar
- 8a38f13dce8d78d0fbc6d177afa5e432bf13e6f7
- Cited by
- 3,221
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 112 · 2025: 198 · 2024: 328 · 2023: 602 · 2022: 853 · 2021: 905 · 2020: 216 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 50.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Lundbeckfonden
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, psychiatric symptoms, posttraumatic stress symptoms, depression, anxiety, psychological distress, sleep quality, healthcare workers, psychological well-being, risk factors, gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Psychological Distress, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Anxiety, Mental Disorders, Depression, Health Personnel, Humans, Mental Health, Pneumonia, Viral, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Coronavirus Infections, Disease Progression, Persons with Psychiatric Disorders, Pandemics
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